HEALTH ASPECTS OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS

0,88

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179

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1017

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World Health Organization

2001

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CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY [pp ii-iii]

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS [to be prepared] [pp vi-vii]

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION [pp 1-5]

1.1 DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE FIRST EDITION

1.2 ORIGIN AND PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT REPORT

1.3 SOME WORKING DEFINITIONS

1.4 STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 2: ASSESSING THE THREAT TO PUBLIC HEALTH [pp 6-14]

2.1 CONTEXT

2.2 CHANGING TECHNOLOGY

2.3 NEW SCIENCE

2.4 A PRELIMINARY THREAT ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 3: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS [pp 15-37]

3.1 SELECTION PRINCIPLES

3.1.1 Guidance from the international treaties

…Box: How biological and chemical weapons are defined in the BWC and CWC

Table 3.1: Biological agents variously cited as possible weapons

3.1.2 Guidance from the historical record

Table 3.2: Toxic and infective agents weaponized since 1946

Table 3.3: Quantities of chemical agents declared to the OPCW

Table 3.4: Instances of use of antipersonnel agents since 1919

3.2 DISSEMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS

3.3 ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

3.3.1 Respiratory system

3.3.2 Skin and mucous membranes

3.3.3 Digestive system

3.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

3.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

3.6 CONSEQUENCES OF EMPLOYING BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL WEAPONS

3.6.1 Short-term consequences

3.6.2 Long-term consequences

3.6.3 Psychological warfare aspects

3.7 ASSESSMENT AND CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 4: PUBLIC HEALTH READINESS FOR BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL INCIDENTS [pp

37-69]

4.1 PLANNING PRINCIPLES

4.2 PREPAREDNESS

4.2.1 Identify the hazards

4.2.2 Evaluate the hazards

4.2.3 Introduce risk reduction strategies

Box: A six-step process for communicating with the public

4.2.4 Quantify the residual risk

4.2.5 Monitor the risk management programme

4.3 RESPONSE

4.3.1 Response before any overt release

4.3.2 Distinguishing features of biological and chemical incidents

Table 4.1: Differentiation of biological and chemical attack

4.3.3 Response to biological incidents

4.3.4 Response to chemical incidents

APPENDIX 4.1 THE SARIN INCIDENTS IN JAPAN

APPENDIX 4.2 PROBLEMS RELATED TO PROTECTION

CHAPTER 5: LEGAL CONTEXT [pp 70-80]

5.1 THE 1925 GENEVA PROTOCOL

5.2 THE 1972 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION

5.2.1 International obligations

5.2.2 National implementation

5.3 THE 1993 CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION

5.3.1 International obligations

5.3.2 National implementation

5.4 CONCLUSION

APPENDIX 5.1 BWC IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION

APPENDIX 5.2 CWC IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION

CHAPTER 6: INTERNATIONAL SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE [pp 81-90]

6.1 UNITED NATIONS

6.1.1 INVESTIGATION OF ALLEGED USE

6.1.2 HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

6.2 ORGANISATION FOR THE PROHIBITION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS

6.3 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION

6.4 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

6.5 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

6.6 OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES

6.7 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS

6.9 CONTACT INFORMATION

LITERATURE CITATIONS [pp 91-96]