Final Technical Report of the Public Health Investigation to

0,47

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Assess Potential Exposures to Airborne and Settled Surface

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Dust in Residential Areas of Lower Manhattan

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Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

2003

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CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF SAMPLING EVENT PHOTOGRAPHS vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

ABSTRACT 9

INTRODUCTION 10

BACKGROUND 10

A. World Trade Center Towers 10

B. Potential Contaminants 11

C. Monitoring in Lower Manhattan After the Collapse of the

World Trade Center 11

D. Community Exposures 12

E. Human Health Effects of Concern 12

OBJECTIVES 12

METHODS 13

A. Sampling Approach 13

B. Samples Taken 13

C. Field and Laboratory Changes From the Original Sampling Protocol 14

1. Field Changes 14

2. Sample Analysis Changes 15

D. Data Management and Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures 15

E. Data Analysis 17

F. Limitations and Uncertainties 17

RESULTS 18

A. Survey 18

B. Settled Surface Dust 19

1. Fiber Analysis of Settled Surface Dust 19

2. Mineral Analysis of Settled Surface Dust 20

3. Alkalinity of Settled Surface Dust 22

C. Air 22

1. Fibers in Air 23

a. Indoor Air 23

b. Outdoor Air 24

2. Minerals in Air 24

DISCUSSION 26

A. Discussion of Results 26

1. Association of Asbestos and Synthetic Vitreous Fibers 27

2. Association of Asbestos and Synthetic Vitreous Fiber

Levels Outside of and Within a Building 27

3. Occurrence of Crystalline Minerals 28

4. Buildings Impacted by Asbestos, Synthetic Vitreous Fibers,

and Crystalline Minerals 28

5. Significance of Minerals and Fibers in the Settled Surface Dust 29

6. Significance of Minerals and Fibers in Air 29

B. Public Health Evaluation 30

1. Sensitive Populations 31

2. Soluble Minerals: Gypsum, Portlandite, and Calcite 32

3. Mica 33

4. Halite 34

5. Crystalline Silica (Quartz and Cristobalite) 34

a. Silicosis 34

b. Lung Cancer 35

6. Synthetic Vitreous Fibers 36

a. Irritant Effects 36

b. Pulmonary Effects 37

7. Asbestos 38

a. Asbestosis 38

b. Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma 39

8. Multiple Material Exposures 40

a. Irritant Effects 40

b. Noncancer Pulmonary Effects 40

CONCLUSIONS 41

RECOMMENDATIONS 43

PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION PLAN 44

A. Public Health Actions Taken 44

B. Public Health Actions Planned 45

REFERENCES 46

AUTHORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 51

TABLES 54

FIGURES 64

SAMPLING EVENT PHOTOGRAPHS 82

APPENDICES 87

A. Particulate Matter Quality Assurance/Quality Control Discussion 88

B. Survey Results 92

C. Detailed Analytical Results 99