| | Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common |
| | 3,99 | | MB | Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management in the |
| | 472 | | stron | Chemical Sector (adopted February 2003) |
| | 1097 | | ID | JRC-IPTS Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS) |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I |
| | PREFACE.XVII |
| | SCOPEXXVII |
| | 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION .1 |
| | 1.1 Waste Water and Waste Gas in the Chemical Industry.1 |
| | 1.1.1 Waste Water.1 |
| | 1.1.2 Waste Gas 3 |
| | 1.2 Environmental Management with Regard to Waste Water and Waste Gas 4 |
| | 1.3 Treatment Technology 6 |
| | 1.3.1 Process-Integrated Measures.7 |
| | 1.3.2 End-of-Pipe Techniques8 |
| | 1.3.2.1 Waste Water Treatment8 |
| | 1.3.2.2 Waste Gas Treatment .10 |
| | 1.4 Environmental Impact of Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment and their Interdependencies |
| | 12 |
| | 2 WASTE WATER/WASTE GAS MANAGEMENT15 |
| | 2.1 Environmental Management System (EMS).15 |
| | 2.2 Management Tools19 |
| | 2.2.1 Inventory Management Tools .19 |
| | 2.2.1.1 Site Inventory .19 |
| | 2.2.1.2 Stream Inventory or Register20 |
| | 2.2.1.2.1 Whole Effluent Assessment (WEA) .21 |
| | 2.2.1.2.2 Reduction of Water Usage and Waste Water Discharge.25 |
| | 2.2.1.2.3 Waste Gas Emission Quantification .26 |
| | 2.2.1.3 Energy and Material Flow Analysis (EMFA) 28 |
| | 2.2.2 Operational Management Tools29 |
| | 2.2.2.1 Monitoring.29 |
| | 2.2.2.2 Setting and Regular Review of Internal Targets or Programmes .29 |
| | 2.2.2.3 Choice of Treatment Options .31 |
| | 2.2.2.3.1 Selection of Waste Water Control System32 |
| | 2.2.2.3.2 Selection of Waste Gas Control System.36 |
| | 2.2.2.4 Choice of Collection System38 |
| | 2.2.2.4.1 Selection of Waste Water Collection and Segregation System.38 |
| | 2.2.2.4.2 Choice of Waste Gas Collection Systems.39 |
| | 2.2.2.5 Implementation of the Selected Emission Control Options40 |
| | 2.2.2.6 Quality Control Methods40 |
| | 2.2.3 Strategic Management Tools 43 |
| | 2.2.3.1 Risk Assessment.43 |
| | 2.2.3.2 Benchmarking 44 |
| | 2.2.3.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)44 |
| | 2.2.4 Safety and Emergency Tools 45 |
| | 2.2.4.1 Managing Fire-fighting Water and Major Spillages.45 |
| | 2.2.4.2 Pollution Incident Response Planning47 |
| | 3 APPLIED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY49 |
| | 3.1 Information Presented in this Chapter .49 |
| | 3.2 Information on Costs in this Horizontal Document.50 |
| | 3.2.1 Total Installed Costs vs Supplier Equipment Costs 50 |
| | 3.2.2 Greenfield Costs vs Retrofitting Costs51 |
| | 3.2.3 Capital Costs vs Operating Costs52 |
| | 3.2.4 Initial Emission Control Costs vs Incremental Control Costs.53 |
| | 3.3 Waste Water Treatment Techniques53 |
| | 3.3.1 Process-Integrated Measures.53 |
| | 3.3.1.1 Counter-current Extraction as an Example of Water-saving Processes53 |
| | 3.3.1.2 Multiple Use and Recirculation Operations . 54 |
| | 3.3.1.3 Indirect Cooling with Vapour Phases 54 |
| | 3.3.1.4 Waste Water-free Processes for Vacuum Generation 55 |
| | 3.3.1.5 Waste Water-free Processes for Exhaust Air Cleaning 55 |
| | 3.3.1.6 Substance Recovery or Retention from Mother Liquors or by Optimised Processes 55 |
| | 3.3.1.7 Use of Low-contaminated Raw Materials and Auxiliaries 56 |
| | 3.3.2 Flow Balancing 56 |
| | 3.3.3 Storage or Retention Capacity for Failure Events 57 |
| | 3.3.4 End-of-Pipe Techniques . 59 |
| | 3.3.4.1 Insoluble Contaminants / Mechanical Separation 62 |
| | 3.3.4.1.1 Grit Separation of Solids 62 |
| | 3.3.4.1.2 Sedimentation of Solids 64 |
| | 3.3.4.1.3 Air Flotation . 68 |
| | 3.3.4.1.4 Filtration. 73 |
| | 3.3.4.1.5 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 77 |
| | 3.3.4.1.6 Oil-Water Separation 80 |
| | 3.3.4.2 Soluble Non-biodegradable or Inhibitory Contaminants / Physico-Chemical Treatment 84 |
| | 3.3.4.2.1 Precipitation . 84 |
| | 3.3.4.2.2 Crystallisation. 87 |
| | 3.3.4.2.3 Chemical Oxidation 90 |
| | 3.3.4.2.4 Wet Air Oxidation 94 |
| | 3.3.4.2.5 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO). 98 |
| | 3.3.4.2.6 Chemical Reduction . 101 |
| | 3.3.4.2.7 Chemical Hydrolysis 103 |
| | 3.3.4.2.8 Nanofiltration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) 105 |
| | 3.3.4.2.9 Adsorption 110 |
| | 3.3.4.2.10Ion Exchange 116 |
| | 3.3.4.2.11Extraction . 118 |
| | 3.3.4.2.12Distillation / Rectification 120 |
| | 3.3.4.2.13Evaporation 122 |
| | 3.3.4.2.14Stripping 124 |
| | 3.3.4.2.15Waste Water Incineration. 128 |
| | 3.3.4.3 Soluble Biodegradable Contaminants / Biological Treatment . 130 |
| | 3.3.4.3.1 Anaerobic Treatment 131 |
| | 3.3.4.3.2 Biological Removal of Sulphur Compounds / Heavy Metals. 135 |
| | 3.3.4.3.3 Aerobic Treatment 138 |
| | 3.3.4.3.4 Biological Nitrogen Elimination 146 |
| | 3.3.4.3.5 Central Biological Waste Water Treatment 151 |
| | 3.3.4.4 Rain and Fire-fighting Water Control 154 |
| | 3.3.4.4.1 Retention Ponds 155 |
| | 3.3.4.4.2 Sand Filters. 156 |
| | 3.4 Sludge Treatment Techniques. 157 |
| | 3.4.1 Sludge Thickening and Dewatering . 159 |
| | 3.4.2 Stabilisation and Conditioning . 164 |
| | 3.4.3 Thermal Sludge Reduction . 166 |
| | 3.5 Waste Gas End-of-pipe Treatment Techniques 171 |
| | 3.5.1 Recovery Techniques for VOC and Inorganic Compounds . 173 |
| | 3.5.1.1 Membrane Separation 173 |
| | 3.5.1.2 Condensation 177 |
| | 3.5.1.3 Adsorption . 184 |
| | 3.5.1.4 Wet Scrubbers for Gas Removal 190 |
| | 3.5.2 Abatement Operations and Processes for VOCs and Inorganic Compounds . 200 |
| | 3.5.2.1 Biofiltration 200 |
| | 3.5.2.2 Bioscrubbing 204 |
| | 3.5.2.3 Biotrickling 208 |
| | 3.5.2.4 Thermal Oxidation . 212 |
| | 3.5.2.5 Catalytic Oxidation 218 |
| | 3.5.2.6 Flaring. 223 |
| | 3.5.3 Recovery and Abatement Techniques for Particulates . 230 |
| | 3.5.3.1 Separator 230 |
| | 3.5.3.2 Cyclone 231 |
| | 3.5.3.3 Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) . 235 |
| | 3.5.3.4 Wet Dust Scrubber .240 |
| | 3.5.3.5 Fabric Filter 246 |
| | 3.5.3.6 Catalytic Filtration250 |
| | 3.5.3.7 Two-Stage Dust Filter 253 |
| | 3.5.3.8 Absolute Filter (HEPA-Filter) 256 |
| | 3.5.3.9 High Efficiency Air Filter (HEAF) 258 |
| | 3.5.3.10 Mist Filter .259 |
| | 3.5.4 Recovery and Abatement Techniques for Gaseous Pollutants in Exhaust Gases .261 |
| | 3.5.4.1 Sorbent Injection as FGD Techniques262 |
| | 3.5.4.2 Selective Reduction of NOx (SNCR and SCR) 268 |
| | 4 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES FOR WASTE WATER / WASTE GAS TREATMENT / |
| | MANAGEMENT IN THE CHEMICAL SECTOR271 |
| | 4.1 Introduction 271 |
| | 4.2 General BAT 273 |
| | 4.3 Specific BAT276 |
| | 4.3.1 Waste Water Section.276 |
| | 4.3.2 Waste Gas Section 295 |
| | 5 EMERGING TECHNIQUES305 |
| | 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS.307 |
| | REFERENCES 311 |
| | 7 ANNEXES321 |
| | 7.1 Annex I. Joint Operation of Industrial and Municipal WWTP321 |
| | 7.2 Annex II. Example of EFMA: Pinch Technology .322 |
| | 7.3 Annex III. Monitoring of a Central Biological WWTP.327 |
| | 7.4 Annex IV. Monitoring Standards 328 |
| | 7.5 Annex V. Pollution Incident Response Plan .332 |
| | 7.6 Annex VI. Examples of Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment .333 |
| | 7.6.1 Technical Information on Waste Water Treatment Plants (Examples).333 |
| | 7.6.2 Information on Waste Water Discharges (Examples).338 |
| | 7.6.3 Information on Complete-Site Waste Water Treatment Systems (Examples) 341 |
| | 7.6.4 Examples of Heavy Metal Discharges 345 |