Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for

9,08
MB Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs (adopted July 2003)

383
stron

1098
ID JRC-IPTS Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS)

2003
rok

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYI

PREFACEXXIII

SCOPE OF WORK. XXXIX

1 GENERAL INFORMATION. 1

1.1 Intensive livestock farming 1

1.2 The poultry production sector in Europe 2

1.2.1 Egg production 3

1.2.2 Broiler production 5

1.2.3 Economics of the poultry sector. 7

1.3 The pig production sector in Europe 10

1.3.1 Dimension, evolution and geographical distribution of the pig production sector in Europe 10

1.3.2 Production and consumption of pork . 15

1.3.3 Economics of the pig sector . 17

1.4 Environmental issues of intensive poultry and pig farming . 18

1.4.1 Emissions to air 20

1.4.2 Emissions to soil, groundwater and surface water . 22

1.4.3 Other emissions 24

2 APPLIED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND TECHNIQUES. 25

2.1 Introduction. 25

2.2 Poultry production. 26

2.2.1 Production of eggs . 26

2.2.1.1 Cage battery systems for laying hens. 27

2.2.1.1.1 Battery system with open manure storage under the cages 29

2.2.1.1.2 Battery systems with aerated open manure storage (deep-pit or high-rise systems and

canal house) . 29

2.2.1.1.3 Stilt house system. 30

2.2.1.1.4 Battery system with manure removal by way of scrapers to a closed storage 31

2.2.1.1.5 Manure-belt battery with frequent removal of manure to a closed storage with or without

drying. . 31

2.2.1.1.6 Enriched cage . 32

2.2.1.2 Non-cage housing systems for laying hens 34

2.2.1.2.1 Deep litter system for laying hens 34

2.2.1.2.2 Aviary system (perchery) . 35

2.2.2 Production of broiler meat . 35

2.2.3 Other poultry production sectors 36

2.2.3.1 Production of turkeys. 36

2.2.3.1.1 Commonly applied housing systems 36

2.2.3.1.2 Closed house system 37

2.2.3.1.3 Partially ventilated littered floor system. 38

2.2.3.2 Production of ducks . 39

2.2.3.3 Production of guinea fowl 40

2.2.4 Control of poultry housing climate 40

2.2.4.1 Temperature control and ventilation 40

2.2.4.2 Illumination. 43

2.2.5 Poultry feeding and watering . 44

2.2.5.1 Poultry feed formulation 44

2.2.5.2 Feeding systems . 45

2.2.5.3 Drinking water supply systems 46

2.3 Pig production. 47

2.3.1 Pig housing and manure collection 47

2.3.1.1 Housing systems for mating and gestating sows 49

2.3.1.1.1 Individual housing with a fully or partly-slatted floor for mating and gestating sows . 50

2.3.1.1.2 Sow crates with a solid floor for mating and gestating sows 50

2.3.1.1.3 Group housing with or without straw for gestating sows . 51

2.3.1.2 Housing systems for farrowing sows . 52

2.3.1.2.1 Housing for farrowing sows with confined movement.52

2.3.1.2.2 Housing of farrowing sows allowing sow movement.54

2.3.1.3 Housing systems for weaners .54

2.3.1.4 Housing of growers-finishers .57

2.3.1.4.1 Housing of growers-finishers on a fully-slatted floor .57

2.3.1.4.2 Housing of growers/finishers on a partly-slatted floor .58

2.3.1.4.3 Housing of growers-finishers on a solid concrete floor and straw59

2.3.2 Control of pig housing climate .61

2.3.2.1 Heating of pig housing .62

2.3.2.2 Ventilation of pig housing 63

2.3.2.3 Illumination of pig housing 66

2.3.3 Pig feeding and watering systems.67

2.3.3.1 Pig feed formulation.67

2.3.3.2 Feeding systems .68

2.3.3.3 Drinking water supply systems.70

2.4 Processing and storage of animal feed70

2.5 Collection and storage of manure .71

2.5.1 Poultry manure .73

2.5.2 Pig manure.73

2.5.3 Storage systems for solid and litter based manure (FYM)74

2.5.4 Storage systems for slurry 75

2.5.4.1 Slurry storage in tanks 75

2.5.4.2 Slurry storage in earth-banked stores or lagoons76

2.5.4.3 Slurry storage in flexible bags 77

2.6 On-farm manure processing .77

2.6.1 Mechanical separators 78

2.6.2 Aerobic treatment of liquid manure78

2.6.3 Aerobic treatment of solid manure (composting) .79

2.6.4 Anaerobic treatment .79

2.6.5 Anaerobic lagoons 79

2.6.6 Pig manure additives 80

2.6.7 Impregnation with peat.82

2.7 Manure application techniques .83

2.7.1 Slurry transport systems .84

2.7.1.1 Vacuum tanker .84

2.7.1.2 Pumped tanker84

2.7.1.3 Umbilical hose84

2.7.1.4 Irrigator84

2.7.2 Slurry application systems85

2.7.2.1 Broadcast spreader .85

2.7.2.2 Band spreader.87

2.7.2.3 Trailing shoe spreader 87

2.7.2.4 Injector (open slot) .88

2.7.2.5 Injector (closed slot).88

2.7.2.6 Incorporation 89

2.7.3 Solid manure application systems 90

2.8 Transport on-farm.91

2.9 Maintenance and cleaning 91

2.10 Use and disposal of residues.92

2.11 Storage and disposal of carcases.93

2.12 Treatment of waste water93

2.13 Installations for heat and power production .94

2.14 Monitoring and control of consumption and emission .94

3 CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION LEVELS OF INTENSIVE POULTRY AND PIG FARMS 97

3.1 Introduction .97

3.2 Consumption levels 98

3.2.1 Feed consumption and nutritional levels 98

3.2.1.1 Poultry feeding .99

3.2.1.2 Pig feeding100

3.2.2 Water consumption.104

3.2.2.1 Water requirements of poultry farms104

3.2.2.1.1 Animal consumption 104

3.2.2.1.2 Use of cleaning water. 105

3.2.2.2 Water requirements of pig farms 105

3.2.2.2.1 Animal consumption 105

3.2.2.2.2 Use of cleaning water. 107

3.2.3 Energy consumption 107

3.2.3.1 Poultry farms 108

3.2.3.2 Pig farms 109

3.2.4 Other inputs 111

3.2.4.1 Bedding (litter). 111

3.2.4.2 Cleaning material . 112

3.3 Emission levels 112

3.3.1 Excretion of manure. 113

3.3.1.1 Levels of excretion and characteristics of poultry manure. 113

3.3.1.2 Levels of excretion and characteristics of pig manure . 116

3.3.2 Emissions from housing systems . 120

3.3.2.1 Emissions from poultry housing 120

3.3.2.2 Emissions from pig housing. 121

3.3.3 Emissions from external manure storage facilities. 122

3.3.4 Emissions from manure treatment 122

3.3.5 Emissions from landspreading . 123

3.3.5.1 Emissions to air 123

3.3.5.2 Emissions to soil and groundwater 124

3.3.5.3 Emissions N, P and K to surface water 125

3.3.5.4 Emissions of heavy metals. 125

3.3.6 Emissions of odour. 127

3.3.7 Noise . 127

3.3.7.1 Sources and emissions on poultry farms 128

3.3.7.2 Sources and emissions on pig farms 129

3.3.8 Quantification of other emissions 129