Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Glass

2,54
MB Manufacturing Industry (adopted Dec 2001)

323
stron

1105
ID JRC-IPTS Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS)

2002
rok

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I

PREFACE XXI

1 GENERAL INFORMATION.1

1.1 Scope of the Document 1

1.2 Introduction 2

1.2.1 Characteristics of Glass 4

1.2.2 Broad Classification of Glass Types.5

1.2.3 Historical Origins6

1.3 Container Glass 7

1.3.1 Sector Overview .7

1.3.2 Products and Markets8

1.3.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .9

1.3.4 Main Environmental Issues 10

1.4 Flat Glass 10

1.4.1 Sector Overview .10

1.4.2 Products and Markets12

1.4.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .12

1.4.4 Main Environmental Issues 13

1.5 Continuous Filament Glass Fibre 14

1.5.1 Sector Overview .14

1.5.2 Products and Markets15

1.5.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .15

1.5.4 Main Environmental Issues 15

1.6 Domestic Glass 16

1.6.1 Sector Overview .16

1.6.2 Products and Markets17

1.6.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .18

1.6.4 Main Environmental Issues 18

1.7 Special Glass 19

1.7.1 Sector Overview .19

1.7.2 Products and Markets19

1.7.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .21

1.7.4 Main Environmental Issues 22

1.8 Mineral Wool 22

1.8.1 Sector Overview .22

1.8.2 Products and Markets23

1.8.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .24

1.8.4 Main Environmental Issues 25

1.9 Ceramic Fibre 25

1.9.1 Sector Overview .25

1.9.2 Products and Markets26

1.9.3 Commercial Considerations26

1.9.4 Main Environmental Issues 27

1.10 Frits 27

1.10.1 Sector Overview .27

1.10.2 Products and Markets28

1.10.3 Commercial Considerations28

1.10.4 Main Environmental Issues 28

2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES.31

2.1 Materials Handling 31

2.2 Glass Melting 32

2.2.1 Raw Materials for Glass Making 32

2.2.2 The Melting Process .34

2.3 Melting Techniques 36

2.3.1 Regenerative Furnaces37

2.3.2 Recuperative Furnaces . 39

2.3.3 Oxy-fuel Melting 40

2.3.4 Electric Melting 40

2.3.5 Combined Fossil Fuel and Electric Melting . 41

2.3.6 Discontinuous Batch Melting. 42

2.3.7 Special Melter Designs. 42

2.4 Container Glass 43

2.5 Flat Glass 46

2.5.1 The Float Glass Process . 46

2.5.2 The Rolled Process (Patterned and Wired Glass). 48

2.6 Continuous Filament Glass Fibre 49

2.7 Domestic Glass 51

2.8 Special Glass 53

2.9 Mineral Wool 57

2.9.1 Glass Wool. 57

2.9.2 Stone Wool. 59

2.10 Ceramic Fibre 61

2.11 Frits 62

3 PRESENT CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION LEVELS 65

3.1 Introduction 65

3.2 General Glass Industry Overview 66

3.2.1 Process Inputs. 66

3.2.2 Process Outputs 68

3.2.2.1 Emissions to Air. 69

3.2.2.2 Emissions to Water 71

3.2.2.3 Emissions of Other Wastes 71

3.2.3 Energy . 72

3.3 Container Glass 76

3.3.1 Process Inputs. 77

3.3.2 Emissions to Air . 78

3.3.2.1 Raw Materials 78

3.3.2.2 Melting 78

3.3.2.3 Downstream Activities. 80

3.3.3 Emissions to Water. 80

3.3.4 Other Wastes 81

3.3.5 Energy . 81

3.4 Flat Glass 82

3.4.1 Process inputs. 82

3.4.2 Emissions to Air . 84

3.4.2.1 Raw Materials 84

3.4.2.2 Melting 84

3.4.2.3 Downstream Activities. 85

3.4.3 Emissions to Water. 85

3.4.4 Other Wastes 85

3.4.5 Energy . 86

3.5 Continuous Filament Glass Fibre 86

3.5.1 Process inputs. 87

3.5.2 Emissions to Air . 89

3.5.2.1 Raw Materials 89

3.5.2.2 Melting 89

3.5.2.3 Downstream Activities. 90

3.5.3 Emissions to Water. 90

3.5.4 Other Wastes 91

3.5.5 Energy . 91

3.6 Domestic Glass 92

3.6.1 Process inputs. 93

3.6.2 Emissions to Air . 95

3.6.2.1 Raw Materials 95

3.6.2.2 Melting 95

3.6.2.3 Downstream Activities. 96

3.6.3 Emissions to Water. 96

3.6.4 Other Wastes.97

3.6.5 Energy97

3.7 Special Glass 98

3.7.1 Process inputs .98

3.7.2 Emissions to Air .101

3.7.2.1 Raw Materials.101

3.7.2.2 Melting .101

3.7.2.3 Downstream Activities .102

3.7.3 Emissions to Water .102

3.7.4 Other Wastes.102

3.7.5 Energy102

3.8 Mineral Wool 103

3.8.1 Process Inputs .103

3.8.2 Emissions to Air .104

3.8.2.1 Raw Materials.105

3.8.2.2 Melting .105

3.8.2.3 Emissions from Non-Melting Activities.107

3.8.3 Emissions to Water .108

3.8.4 Other Wastes.108

3.8.5 Energy109

3.9 Ceramic Fibre 110

3.9.1 Process inputs .110

3.9.2 Emissions to Air .111

3.9.2.1 Raw materials.111

3.9.2.2 Melting .111

3.9.2.3 Downstream Activities .111

3.9.3 Emissions to Water .111

3.9.4 Other Wastes.111

3.9.5 Energy112

3.10 Frits 112