| | Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Glass |
| | 2,54 | | MB | Manufacturing Industry (adopted Dec 2001) |
| | 323 | | stron |
| | 1105 | | ID | JRC-IPTS Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS) |
| | 2002 | | rok |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I |
| | PREFACE XXI |
| | 1 GENERAL INFORMATION.1 |
| | 1.1 Scope of the Document 1 |
| | 1.2 Introduction 2 |
| | 1.2.1 Characteristics of Glass 4 |
| | 1.2.2 Broad Classification of Glass Types.5 |
| | 1.2.3 Historical Origins6 |
| | 1.3 Container Glass 7 |
| | 1.3.1 Sector Overview .7 |
| | 1.3.2 Products and Markets8 |
| | 1.3.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .9 |
| | 1.3.4 Main Environmental Issues 10 |
| | 1.4 Flat Glass 10 |
| | 1.4.1 Sector Overview .10 |
| | 1.4.2 Products and Markets12 |
| | 1.4.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .12 |
| | 1.4.4 Main Environmental Issues 13 |
| | 1.5 Continuous Filament Glass Fibre 14 |
| | 1.5.1 Sector Overview .14 |
| | 1.5.2 Products and Markets15 |
| | 1.5.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .15 |
| | 1.5.4 Main Environmental Issues 15 |
| | 1.6 Domestic Glass 16 |
| | 1.6.1 Sector Overview .16 |
| | 1.6.2 Products and Markets17 |
| | 1.6.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .18 |
| | 1.6.4 Main Environmental Issues 18 |
| | 1.7 Special Glass 19 |
| | 1.7.1 Sector Overview .19 |
| | 1.7.2 Products and Markets19 |
| | 1.7.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .21 |
| | 1.7.4 Main Environmental Issues 22 |
| | 1.8 Mineral Wool 22 |
| | 1.8.1 Sector Overview .22 |
| | 1.8.2 Products and Markets23 |
| | 1.8.3 Commercial and Financial Considerations .24 |
| | 1.8.4 Main Environmental Issues 25 |
| | 1.9 Ceramic Fibre 25 |
| | 1.9.1 Sector Overview .25 |
| | 1.9.2 Products and Markets26 |
| | 1.9.3 Commercial Considerations26 |
| | 1.9.4 Main Environmental Issues 27 |
| | 1.10 Frits 27 |
| | 1.10.1 Sector Overview .27 |
| | 1.10.2 Products and Markets28 |
| | 1.10.3 Commercial Considerations28 |
| | 1.10.4 Main Environmental Issues 28 |
| | 2 APPLIED PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES.31 |
| | 2.1 Materials Handling 31 |
| | 2.2 Glass Melting 32 |
| | 2.2.1 Raw Materials for Glass Making 32 |
| | 2.2.2 The Melting Process .34 |
| | 2.3 Melting Techniques 36 |
| | 2.3.1 Regenerative Furnaces37 |
| | 2.3.2 Recuperative Furnaces . 39 |
| | 2.3.3 Oxy-fuel Melting 40 |
| | 2.3.4 Electric Melting 40 |
| | 2.3.5 Combined Fossil Fuel and Electric Melting . 41 |
| | 2.3.6 Discontinuous Batch Melting. 42 |
| | 2.3.7 Special Melter Designs. 42 |
| | 2.4 Container Glass 43 |
| | 2.5 Flat Glass 46 |
| | 2.5.1 The Float Glass Process . 46 |
| | 2.5.2 The Rolled Process (Patterned and Wired Glass). 48 |
| | 2.6 Continuous Filament Glass Fibre 49 |
| | 2.7 Domestic Glass 51 |
| | 2.8 Special Glass 53 |
| | 2.9 Mineral Wool 57 |
| | 2.9.1 Glass Wool. 57 |
| | 2.9.2 Stone Wool. 59 |
| | 2.10 Ceramic Fibre 61 |
| | 2.11 Frits 62 |
| | 3 PRESENT CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION LEVELS 65 |
| | 3.1 Introduction 65 |
| | 3.2 General Glass Industry Overview 66 |
| | 3.2.1 Process Inputs. 66 |
| | 3.2.2 Process Outputs 68 |
| | 3.2.2.1 Emissions to Air. 69 |
| | 3.2.2.2 Emissions to Water 71 |
| | 3.2.2.3 Emissions of Other Wastes 71 |
| | 3.2.3 Energy . 72 |
| | 3.3 Container Glass 76 |
| | 3.3.1 Process Inputs. 77 |
| | 3.3.2 Emissions to Air . 78 |
| | 3.3.2.1 Raw Materials 78 |
| | 3.3.2.2 Melting 78 |
| | 3.3.2.3 Downstream Activities. 80 |
| | 3.3.3 Emissions to Water. 80 |
| | 3.3.4 Other Wastes 81 |
| | 3.3.5 Energy . 81 |
| | 3.4 Flat Glass 82 |
| | 3.4.1 Process inputs. 82 |
| | 3.4.2 Emissions to Air . 84 |
| | 3.4.2.1 Raw Materials 84 |
| | 3.4.2.2 Melting 84 |
| | 3.4.2.3 Downstream Activities. 85 |
| | 3.4.3 Emissions to Water. 85 |
| | 3.4.4 Other Wastes 85 |
| | 3.4.5 Energy . 86 |
| | 3.5 Continuous Filament Glass Fibre 86 |
| | 3.5.1 Process inputs. 87 |
| | 3.5.2 Emissions to Air . 89 |
| | 3.5.2.1 Raw Materials 89 |
| | 3.5.2.2 Melting 89 |
| | 3.5.2.3 Downstream Activities. 90 |
| | 3.5.3 Emissions to Water. 90 |
| | 3.5.4 Other Wastes 91 |
| | 3.5.5 Energy . 91 |
| | 3.6 Domestic Glass 92 |
| | 3.6.1 Process inputs. 93 |
| | 3.6.2 Emissions to Air . 95 |
| | 3.6.2.1 Raw Materials 95 |
| | 3.6.2.2 Melting 95 |
| | 3.6.2.3 Downstream Activities. 96 |
| | 3.6.3 Emissions to Water. 96 |
| | 3.6.4 Other Wastes.97 |
| | 3.6.5 Energy97 |
| | 3.7 Special Glass 98 |
| | 3.7.1 Process inputs .98 |
| | 3.7.2 Emissions to Air .101 |
| | 3.7.2.1 Raw Materials.101 |
| | 3.7.2.2 Melting .101 |
| | 3.7.2.3 Downstream Activities .102 |
| | 3.7.3 Emissions to Water .102 |
| | 3.7.4 Other Wastes.102 |
| | 3.7.5 Energy102 |
| | 3.8 Mineral Wool 103 |
| | 3.8.1 Process Inputs .103 |
| | 3.8.2 Emissions to Air .104 |
| | 3.8.2.1 Raw Materials.105 |
| | 3.8.2.2 Melting .105 |
| | 3.8.2.3 Emissions from Non-Melting Activities.107 |
| | 3.8.3 Emissions to Water .108 |
| | 3.8.4 Other Wastes.108 |
| | 3.8.5 Energy109 |
| | 3.9 Ceramic Fibre 110 |
| | 3.9.1 Process inputs .110 |
| | 3.9.2 Emissions to Air .111 |
| | 3.9.2.1 Raw materials.111 |
| | 3.9.2.2 Melting .111 |
| | 3.9.2.3 Downstream Activities .111 |
| | 3.9.3 Emissions to Water .111 |
| | 3.9.4 Other Wastes.111 |
| | 3.9.5 Energy112 |
| | 3.10 Frits 112 |