| | Reference Document on General Principles of Monitoring |
| | 0,79 | | MB |
| | 123 | | stron |
| | 1147 | | ID | JRC-IPTS Instituto de Prospectiva Tecnológica (IPTS) |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I |
| | PREFACE.V |
| | SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT IX |
| | 1 INTRODUCTION.1 |
| | 2 MONITORING ISSUES TO CONSIDER IN SETTING IPPC PERMITS .3 |
| | 2.1 “Why” monitor? .3 |
| | 2.2 “Who” carries out the monitoring?.5 |
| | 2.3 “What” and “How” to monitor .7 |
| | 2.4 “How” to express ELVs and monitoring results.10 |
| | 2.5 Monitoring timing considerations.12 |
| | 2.6 How to deal with uncertainties .16 |
| | 2.7 Monitoring requirements to be included with Emission Limit Values (ELVs) in permits .18 |
| | 3 ACCOUNTING FOR TOTAL EMISSIONS.21 |
| | 3.1 Monitoring of Fugitive and Diffuse Emissions (DFE) .22 |
| | 3.2 Exceptional emissions 25 |
| | 3.2.1 Exceptional emissions under foreseeable conditions25 |
| | 3.2.2 Exceptional emissions under unforeseeable conditions26 |
| | 3.3 Values under the limit of detection.29 |
| | 3.4 Outliers 30 |
| | 4 DATA PRODUCTION CHAIN31 |
| | 4.1 Comparability and reliability of data through the data production chain .31 |
| | 4.2 Steps in the data production chain 33 |
| | 4.2.1 Flow/amount measurement 33 |
| | 4.2.2 Sampling33 |
| | 4.2.3 Sample storage, transport and preservation 34 |
| | 4.2.4 Sample treatment35 |
| | 4.2.5 Sample analysis 35 |
| | 4.2.6 Data processing 36 |
| | 4.2.7 Reporting.36 |
| | 4.3 The data production chain for different media .37 |
| | 4.3.1 Air emissions37 |
| | 4.3.2 Waste water 38 |
| | 4.3.3 Wastes 40 |
| | 5 DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO MONITORING.41 |
| | 5.1 Direct measurements 42 |
| | 5.2 Surrogate parameters 44 |
| | 5.3 Mass balances48 |
| | 5.4 Calculations 50 |
| | 5.5 Emission factors .51 |
| | 6 COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT.53 |
| | 7 REPORTING OF MONITORING RESULTS57 |
| | 7.1 Requirements and audiences for the report.58 |
| | 7.2 Responsibilities for producing the report59 |
| | 7.3 Scope of the report60 |
| | 7.4 Type of report61 |
| | 7.5 Good reporting practices 62 |
| | 7.6 Quality considerations 64 |
| | 8 COST OF EMISSION MONITORING.65 |
| | 9 CONCLUDING REMARKS.67 |
| | 9.1 Timing of the work .67 |
| | 9.2 Questionnaire of current practices 67 |
| | 9.3 Sources of information. 67 |
| | 9.4 Level of consensus . 68 |
| | 9.5 Recommendations for future work. 68 |
| | REFERENCES 71 |
| | ANNEX 1. GLOSSARY OF TERMS. 79 |
| | ANNEX 2. LIST OF CEN STANDARDS AND PRE-STANDARDS 87 |
| | Annex 2.1. Table of CEN standards for air emissions . 88 |
| | Annex 2.2. Table of CEN standards for water emissions. 90 |
| | Annex 2.3. Table of CEN standards for solid residues 95 |
| | Annex 2.4. Table of CEN standards for sludge 97 |
| | ANNEX 3. COMMON UNITS, MEASUREMENT AND SYMBOLS 99 |
| | ANNEX 4. EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO VALUES UNDER THE LIMIT OF |
| | DETECTION (LOD). 101 |
| | ANNEX 5. EXAMPLES OF CONVERSION OF DATA TO STANDARD CONDITIONS. 103 |
| | ANNEX 6. EXAMPLES OF ESTIMATING EMISSIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENT 105 |
| | ANNEX 7. COST EXAMPLES. 107 |
| | A7.1. Examples from the chemical industry 107 |
| | A7.2. Examples from the German delegation 109 |