Toxic warfare

0,34

MB

66

stron

1208

ID

RAND Corporation

2002

rok

CONTENTS

Preface .. iii

Tables vii

Summary ix

Acknowledgments xv

Acronyms xvii

Chapter One

INTRODUCTION 1

Recent Examples of Toxic Warfare 2

The Ubiquity of Raw Materials for Toxic Weapons 3

The Impact of Toxic Weapons 4

About This Report 4

Chapter Two

WHAT ARE TOXIC WEAPONS? .. 7

The Components of Toxic Warfare 7

Sources of Toxic Substances . 11

The Impact of Toxic Warfare . 14

Chapter Three

RECENT USE OF AND THINKING ABOUT TOXIC WEAPONS.. 17

Poisoning with Chemicals, Sewage, and Pesticides 18

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 19

Chemicals, Gases, and Smoke 21

Bosnia. 21

Croatia 21

Sri Lanka .. 22

Chechnya and Russia.. 23

Trends in Toxic Warfare: Escalation of Use, Increased

Sophistication, Exotic Combinations 26

Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden 26

The ELN and FARC 27

LTTE Sea and Land Attacks 27

Raising the Level of Violence? 28

Chapter Four

TOXIC THREATS IN EXPEDITIONARY SETTINGS 29

U.S. Operations and Toxic Warfare in the 1990s .. 30

U.S. Thinking About Toxic Threats 32

Remaining Issues for Expeditionary Operations .. 34

Chapter Five

TOXIC THREATS IN THE UNITED STATES .. 39

Areas of Vulnerability 39

Steps for Protecting the United States from and

Responding to Toxic Warfare 41

Issues to Be Addressed .. 42

Final Thoughts .. 43

Bibliography