Review of emerging, innovative technologies for the

0,92

MB

destruction and decontamination of POPs and the identification

138

stron

of promising technologies for use in developing countries.

1213

ID

University of Auckland

2004

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 4

1.2 Project Objectives 5

1.3 Overview of non–combustion technology 5

2.0 REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY 7

2.1 A. Commercialised technologies with considerable experience 9

2.1.1 Gas Phase Chemical Reduction (GPCR) 9

2.1.2 Base Catalysed Decomposition (BCD) 10

2.1.3 Sodium Reduction 12

2.1.4 Super-Critical Water Oxidation (SCWO) 12

2.1.5 Plasma Arc (PLASCON) 13

2.1.6 Pyrolysis 15

2.2 B. Technologies near or at the start of commercialization 17

2.2.1 Molten Salt Oxidation 17

2.2.2 Solvated Electron Technology 18

2.3 C. Promising technologies 20

2.3.1 Ball Milling 20

2.3.2 GeoMeltTM Process 20

2.3.3 Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation (CerOx) 21

2.3.4 Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation (AEA Silver II) 22

2.3.5 Catalytic Hydrogenation 23

2.4 D. Technologies which require significant research 25

2.5 E. Technologies which are unlikely to be applicable for destruction of POPs stockpiles 25

2.5.1 MnOx/TiO2–Al2O3 Catalyst Degradation 25

2.5.2 TiO2-based V2O5/WO3 Catalysis 25

2.5.3 Fe(III) Photocatalyst Degradation 26

2.5.4 Ozonation/Electrical Discharged Destruction 27

2.5.5 Molten Metal 27

2.5.6 Molten Slag Process 29

2.5.7 Photochemically Enhanced Microbial Degradation 29

2.5.8 Biodegradation/Fenton’s Reaction 31

2.5.9 White Rot Fungi Biodegradation 31

2.5.10 Enzyme Degradation 33

2.5.11 In situ Bioremediation of Soils 33

2.5.12 DARAMEND Bioremediation 34

2.5.13 Phytoremediation 35

3.0 TABLES 37

Table 1 List of technologies and information sources 37

Table 2 Process summaries 39

Table 3 Process performance 48

Table 4 Practical aspects 50

4.0 APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 54

4.1 Background 54

4.1.1 In situ destruction using non-combustion technologies 54

4.1.2 Issues of complexity 55

4.1.3 Incomplete removal or destruction 55

4.1.4 Environmentally sound management 55

4.1.5 Implications 58

4.2 Characteristics of stockpile sites in developing countries 58

4.3 Logistics of application of non-combustion technologies 58

4.4 Criteria 58

4.4.1 Two levels of criteria 59

4.5 Adaptation of the non-combustion technology to the developing country 59

4.5.1 Performance 59

4.5.2 Costs 59

4.5.3 Input waste 60

4.6 Adaptation of the developing country to the technology 60

4.6.1 Resource needs 60

4.6.2 Costs 60

4.6.3 Impact 61

4.6.4 Danger 61

4.6.5 Constructability 61

4.6.6 Output waste 61

4.7 Matrices 62

4.8 Expert System 63

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 65

REFERENCES 67

BIBLIOGRAPHY 70

ANNOTATED LITERATURE REVIEW 77

ANNEXURES

Annexure 1 Undeveloped technologies 95

Annexure 2 Japanese Technologies for Destruction of PCBs 100

Annexure 3 John Vijgen

Evaluation of Demonstrated and Emerging Remedial

ActionTechnologies for the Treatment of Contaminated

Land and Groundwater (Phase III) 135