Delivering the Landfill Directive: The role of new & emerging

0,81

MB

technologies

157

stron

1220

ID

Associates in Industrial Ecology

2002

rok

Contents

Acknowledgements x

Disclaimer xi

Measurements xii

Additional Units xii

Chemical Abbreviations xii

Glossary xiii

1.0 Introduction and approach to report 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Report Sections 2

1.2.1 Technical and Environmental Datasheets 2

1.2.2 Environmental releases and health effects in context 3

1.2.3 Indicative integrated MSW scenarios 3

1.2.4 Blue Sky technologies 3

1.2.5 Barriers to progress 3

2.0 Technologies 4

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Technical and Environmental Datasheets 4

2.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 11

2.2.2 Composting 19

2.2.3 Material Recovery Facilities 28

2.2.4 Weighing & identification systems 35

2.2.4.1 Background 35

2.2.4.2 Weight-based charging 35

2.2.4.3 Flat-rate charging 36

2.2.4.4 Logistical considerations 37

2.2.5 Advanced Thermal Treatment 38

2.2.6 Incineration 47

2.2.7 Bio-Mechanical Treatment 55

2.2.8 Recycling 63

2.2.8.1 Background 63

2.2.8.2 Reprocessing capacity 64

2.2.8.3 Recycling-based case studies 65

3.0 Environmental releases and health effects in context 66

3.1 Introduction 66

3.2 Environmental releases in context 66

3.2.1 Introduction 66

3.2.2 Pollution Inventory 67

3.2.3 The National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory 67

3.3 Relative health effects 69

3.3.1 Background 69

4.0 Indicative integrated MSW scenarios 71

4.1 Introduction 71

4.1.1 Approach to Scenarios 71

4.1.2 Data 72

4.2 Scenario 1 74

4.2.1 Scenario details 74

4.2.2 Technology availability 74

4.2.3 Recycling compatibility 74

4.2.4 Political deliverability 75

4.3 Scenario 2 77

4.3.1 Scenario details 77

4.3.2 Technology availability 77

4.3.3 Recycling compatibility 77

4.3.4 Political deliverability 78

4.4 Scenario 3 80

4.4.1 Scenario details 80

4.4.2 Technology availability 80

4.4.3 Recycling compatibility 80

4.4.4 Political deliverability 81

4.5 Scenario 4 83

4.5.1 Scenario details 83

4.5.2 Technology availability 83

4.5.3 Recycling compatibility 83

4.5.4 Political deliverability 84

4.6 Scenario 5 86

4.6.1 Scenario details 86

4.6.2 Technology availability 86

4.6.3 Recycling compatibility 86

4.6.4 Political deliverability 87

4.7 Scenario 6 89

4.7.1 Scenario details 89

4.7.2 Technology availability 89

4.7.3 Recycling compatibility 89

4.7.4 Political deliverability 90

4.8 Findings 92

4.8.1 Projected primary and secondary recycling rates 92

4.8.2 Short case studies 92

4.8.3 Plant-scale and proximity 93

5.0 Blue sky technologies 94

5.1 Introduction 94

5.2 Recycling based 95

5.2.1 Biodegradable plastics 95

5.2.2 Feedstock recycling 96

5.2.3 Feedstock substitution 98

5.2.4 Production technology for recycled coloured glass bottles 98

5.3 Renewable energy sources 99

5.3.1 Rye-grass as an energy crop (using biogas technology) 99

5.3.2 Ethanol production from MSW 100

5.3.3 Hydrogen production from paper-mill and sewage sludge 101

5.4 Hazardous waste management 102

5.4.1 Introduction 102

5.4.2 Plasma arc technology 102

5.4.3 Gasification and ash melting technology 103

5.4.4 Thermal decomposition technology for dioxins 104

5.4.5 Substitute fuels 104

6.0 Critique of barriers to progress 106

6.1 Introduction 106

6.2 Policy certainty 106

6.3 Operational consistency 106

6.4 Security of supply 107

6.5 Risk sharing 107

6.6 Contract structure 107

6.7 Delays and reform of the planning system 107

6.8 Resourcing 108

6.9 Market development and incentives 108

6.10 Environmental impacts and health effects 109

6.11 Definition of recycling 110

6.12 Best practice guidance 110

7.0 Conclusions and recommendations 111

7.1 Conclusions 111

7.2 Recommendations 115

References 118

Personal communications 121

Appendices

Appendix A Questionnaire & PIU covering letter 122

Appendix B Questionnaire recipients &/or companies and organizations consulted 131

Appendix C Capex and Opex costs 133

Appendix D Household charging in Ireland 138

Appendix E Recycling case studies 141

Appendix F Projected in-vessel composting facilities 142