| | Criminal Penalties in EU Member States’ environmental law |
| | 3,57 | | MB |
| | 968 | | stron |
| | 1297 | | ID | HUGLO LEPAGE & Partners Counsel |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | Executive Summary 11 |
| | SECTION I: Background Information on National Legal Systems 14 |
| | Austria 14 |
| | Introduction 14 |
| | a. The persons liable. 14 |
| | b. The different types of offence 15 |
| | c. The possible sanctions . 15 |
| | d. The competent courts.. 20 |
| | e. Aspects particular to the environment . 21 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? 21 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? 22 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?. 22 |
| | Who is the competent judge? . 22 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? .. 24 |
| | Abbreviations particular to the above study 27 |
| | Belgique. 29 |
| | Introduction Générale 29 |
| | Personnes responsables.. 29 |
| | Différentes catégories d'infraction et peines applicables 29 |
| | Juridictions répressives 30 |
| | Quelle est la durée moyenne de la procédure pénale ?.. 30 |
| | Qui supporte les frais de la procédure ? 32 |
| | Qui engage la procédure ? 32 |
| | Quel est le juge compétent ? 35 |
| | Quel est le résultat de la procédure ?.. 35 |
| | Jurisprudence. 36 |
| | Denmark 41 |
| | Summary of Danish Criminal Law.. 41 |
| | Introduction to Danish Environmental Criminal Law 42 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? 45 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? 46 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?. 46 |
| | Who is the competent judge? . 47 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? .. 47 |
| | Finland 48 |
| | Introduction 48 |
| | Persons liable .. 48 |
| | The different types of offences .. 48 |
| | The applicable sanctions . 48 |
| | The competent courts 49 |
| | Aspects of criminal law, which are particular to the environment. 49 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? 49 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? 50 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?. 50 |
| | Who is the competent judge? . 50 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? .. 51 |
| | France. 52 |
| | Introduction 52 |
| | Quelle est la durée moyenne de la procédure pénale ?.. 54 |
| | Qui supporte les frais de la procédure ? 54 |
| | Qui engage la procédure ? 54 |
| | Quel est le juge compétent ? 55 |
| | Quel est le résultat de la procédure ?.. 55 |
| | La personne pénalement responsable . 55 |
| | La responsabilité des personnes morales 55 |
| | La responsabilité des personnes physiques 58 |
| | L'élément intentionnel . 60 |
| | Germany 62 |
| | Introduction 62 |
| | What is the average amount of time for the criminal environmental proceeding? .. 65 |
| | Who is the competent judge? . 65 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?. 65 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? 65 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? .. 65 |
| | Grčce 67 |
| | Introduction 67 |
| | Quelle est la durée moyenne de la procédure pénale? 68 |
| | Qui supporte les frais de la procédure? . 68 |
| | Qui engage la procédure? . 69 |
| | Quel est le juge compétent ? 69 |
| | Quel est le résultat de la procédure ?.. 69 |
| | Italy.. 71 |
| | Introduction 71 |
| | Persons liable .. 71 |
| | Types of offence .. 71 |
| | Possible sanctions . 72 |
| | Competent courts 72 |
| | Aspects of criminal law particular to the environment. 73 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? 74 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? 75 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?. 75 |
| | Who is the competent judge? . 75 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? .. 76 |
| | Ireland 77 |
| | Introduction. .. 77 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? 80 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? 81 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?. 82 |
| | Who is the competent judge? . 82 |
| | What is the outcome of the procedure? . 82 |
| | Prosecutions taken by the EPA to date.. 84 |
| | Luxembourg 97 |
| | Introduction 97 |
| | Quelle est la durée moyenne de la procédure pénale?. 105 |
| | Qui supporte les frais de la procédure ? . 105 |
| | Qui engage la procédure ? . 107 |
| | Quel est le juge compétent ?. 108 |
| | Quel est le résultat de la procédure ? 108 |
| | The Netherlands . 110 |
| | Introduction . 110 |
| | Criminal Penalties for Environmental Crimes under the Dutch Criminal Code.. 110 |
| | Criminal Penalties for Environmental Crimes under the Economic Offences Act .. 111 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? . 112 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? . 113 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?.. 113 |
| | Who is the competent judge? .. 113 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? 113 |
| | Portugal .. 114 |
| | Introduction . 114 |
| | Quelle est la durée moyenne de la procédure pénale ? 116 |
| | Qui supporte les frais de la procédure ? . 116 |
| | Qui engage la procédure ? . 117 |
| | Quel est le juge compétent ?. 117 |
| | Quelle est le résultat de la procédure ? 117 |
| | Spain . 119 |
| | Introduction . 119 |
| | Natural and legal persons 119 |
| | Types of offences.. 119 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? . 120 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? . 121 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?.. 121 |
| | Who is the competent judge? .. 121 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? 122 |
| | Sweden. 123 |
| | Introduction . 123 |
| | Natural persons.. 124 |
| | Legal persons . 124 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? . 126 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? . 127 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?.. 127 |
| | Who is the competent judge? .. 127 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? 128 |
| | Summary - implementation of the Directives. 129 |
| | UK.. 130 |
| | Background to environmental criminal legislation 130 |
| | Corporate liability 131 |
| | Who is the competent judge? .. 131 |
| | What is the average amount of time for criminal environmental proceedings? . 132 |
| | Who supports the costs of the procedure? . 133 |
| | Who initiates the procedure?.. 134 |
| | What is the outcome of the criminal procedure? 135 |
| | Case Studies - Countries Prosecutions and Fines . 139 |
| | Case Studies - Court Decisions.. 143 |
| | SECTION II: Tables of Criminal Sanctions and Explanations154 |
| | Explanation of tables 154 |
| | Austria. 155 |