Protecting the Oceans from Land-based Activities

2,68

MB

168

stron

1394

ID

United Nations Environment Programme

2001

rok

Contents

Executive Summary 1

About this Publication 5

Introduction 7

Identification and Assessment of Problems 9

2.1. Introduction 9

2.2. Nature and severity of problems 9

2.3. Sources of degradation 16

2.4. Contaminants 20

2.5. Physical alteration 26

2.6. Areas of concern 27

2.7. Additional issues of concern 31

2.8. References 38

Emerging Problems and New Perspectives 41

3.1. Introduction 41

3.2. The Impact of marine environmental pollution on human health 41

3.3. The effects of climate and related global change 44

3.4. The effects of other changes on marine biological systems 47

3.5. Changing perspectives on the delivery of contaminants to the ocean 50

3.6. Reference 53

Regional Perspectives 56

4.1. Background 56

4.2. Analysis of Regional Programmes of Action 57

4.3. Synthesis of global and regional perspectives 72

4.4. References 73

Strategies and Measures 75

5.1. A policy framework for management 75

5.2. Strategies to control degradation of the marine environment from land-based activities 78

5.3. Overview of measures, and requirements and incentives to induce their implementation 79

5.4. Specific technical and management measures 96

5.5. Information needs 107

5.6. Policy and organisational requirements 110

5.7. References 112

Conclusions and Priorities for Action 115

6.1. Conclusions 115

6.2. Rationale for action 115

6.3. Root causes of environmental damage 116

6.4. GESAMP perspectives on the GPA/LBA 117

6.5. Priorities 118

6.6. References 126

Glossary 127

Abbreviations and Acronyms 131

Index 132

Annex 1. Economic Valuation of Coastal and Marine Systems and Net Benefit Analysis 135

Annex 2. Unpublished Internal Documents of the MEA Working Group 139

Annex 3. Summary of Regional Programmes of Action on Land-based Activities 140

Annex 4. Regional Seas Programmes 159