Paving the way for EU enlargement

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European Environment Agency

2002

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Summary .7

Introduction. 9

Why enlarge the transport and environment reporting mechanism? . 9

Scope of the report 10

Assessing indicator trends against policy objectives and targets . 11

TERM: a two-layered information system 12

Data and information sources 12

Is the environmental performance of the transport sector improving? 16

Energy consumption by transport is increasing rapidly, mainly as a result of growth in road

transport . 17

AC transport CO2 emissions dropped in the early 1990s, but are now growing with traffic volumes .

18

AC transport emissions of air pollutants dropped at the beginning of the 1990s, and have since

stabilised . 20

Urban air quality is improving but urban populations are still exposed to pollution levels that pose

health risks 21

Land take by transport infrastructure is increasing . 22

Land fragmentation in the ACs is less than in the EU, but is increasing with infrastructure

development 23

Extension of infrastructure networks is increasing pressures on designated nature areas 24

Road fatalities in the ACs fell in the early 1990s, but are now levelling at around 21 000 a year 25

The number of detected illegal oil discharges from shipping remains stable in the Baltic Sea and is

not monitored in the Black Sea 26

Numbers of end-of-life vehicles and used tyres are expected to grow significantly 27

Are we getting better at managing transport demand and at improving the modal split? . 28

Freight intensity in the ACs is falling, but is still on average five times higher than in the EU 29

Freight transport in the ACs is shifting to road, but the share of rail is still much larger than in the

EU . 30

Passenger transport is growing in the ACs, but data are insufficient to quantify this . 31

Paving the way for EU enlargement 6

Passenger transport is shifting to road and air, but the share of rail in ACs is still well above the EU

average 33

Are we optimising the use of existing transport infrastructure capacity and moving towards a better-

balanced intermodal transport system? . 34

Motorway lengths have almost doubled in 10 years, but AC road density is still lower than in the EU

35

The limited data on investments indicate a prioritisation of road investments . 36

Are we moving towards a fairer and more efficient pricing system, which ensures that external

costs are internalised? 38

External costs of transport are not yet quantified for the ACs 39

Few internalisation instruments are in force in the ACs . 40

Trends in fuel prices are not encouraging the use of more fuel-efficient transport modes 43

How rapidly are cleaner technologies being introduced and how efficiently are vehicles being used?

. 44

No data on energy efficiency are available for ACs; in the EU all modes except rail show some

improvement . 45

No data are available for ACs on specific emissions of vehicles; EU road vehicles show significant

improvement 46

The AC vehicle fleet is on average four to five years older than the EU fleet . 47

Uptake of vehicle and fuel standards is improving, but the share of cars with catalytic converters

is still low in ACs . 48

Are environmental management and monitoring tools being used effectively to support policy-

making? 49

Integrated transport and environment strategies are lacking in ACs 50

Institutional cooperation on transport and environment is emerging in ACs but is seldom formalised

51

ACs are not monitoring the environmental integration in their transport policies . 52

A few ACs have legal requirements for strategic environmental assessment, but application in the

transport sector is limited to pilot initiatives 53

Next steps 54

Glossary . 56

References and further reading . 58