| | UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE OF TNT, RDX, AND HEAVY METALS |
| | 0,80 | | MB | DISPOSITION IN SOILS AND PLANTS |
| | 143 | | stron |
| | 1826 | | ID | UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Section Page |
| | 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1 |
| | 1.1 Objectives .1-1 |
| | 1.2 Organization of Document ..1-1 |
| | 1.3 Methods..1-2 |
| | 1.4 Limitations..1-2 |
| | 2.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: FORT GREELY, ALASKA 2-1 |
| | 2.1 History2-1 |
| | 2.2 Military Activities2-1 |
| | 2.3 Site Description..2-2 |
| | 2.4 Washington Range.2-3 |
| | 2.4.1 Site Description..2-3 |
| | 2.4.2 Range Use.2-3 |
| | 2.4.3 Explosives Contamination.2-3 |
| | 2.4.4 Heavy Metals..2-4 |
| | 2.5 Fort Greely Site Reports2-5 |
| | 2.5.1 Resource Management Plant/Environmental Impact Statement Record of Decision (1995).2-5 |
| | |
| | 2.5.2 Gerstle River FUD Fact Sheet ..2-5 |
| | 2.5.3 BRAC Commission 1995-1996 .2-6 |
| | 2.6 Environmental Considerations.2-6 |
| | 2.6.1 Flora of Fort Greely, Alaska..2-6 |
| | 2.6.2 Washington Range Plants .2-7 |
| | 2.5.2 Fort Greely Fauna.2-10 |
| | 3.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: TNT AND RDX 3-1 |
| | 3.1 Background: Military Use of TNT and RDX..3-1 |
| | 3.2 TNT: General Description 3-1 |
| | 3.3 RDX: General Description..3-2 |
| | 3.4 TNT and RDX: Water Quality Criteria..3-2 |
| | 3.5 Explosives and Soil Contamination.3-3 |
| | 3.5.1 Mobiliity ..3-3 |
| | 3.5.2 Explosives Cleanup Methods..3-3 |
| | 3.6 TNT and RDX Degradation 3-4 |
| | 3.6.1 TNT Degradation in Soils..3-4 |
| | 3.6.2 RDX Degradation in Soil..3-4 |
| | 3.6 Biological Pathways of TNT and RDX in Soils.3-4 |
| | 3.7 Explosives and Their Disposition in Plants 3-5 |
| | 3.7.1 Bioremediation..3-6 |
| | 3.7.2 Phytoremediation3-7 |
| | 4.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: HEAVY METALS IN SOILS 4-1 |
| | 4.1 Heavy Metals and Soils 4-1 |
| | 4.1.1 Metals and Soil pH..4-2 |
| | 4.1.2 Cation Exchange Capacity 4-3 |
| | 4.1.3 Heavy Metals Mobility..4-4 |
| | 4.1.3.1 Soil Organic Matter and Mobility . 4-4 |
| | 4.1.3.2 Soil Properties Affecting Adsorption . 4-5 |
| | 4.2 Metals and Environmental Pathways 4-5 |
| | 4.3 Metals and Their Disposition in Plants 4-5 |
| | 4.3.1 Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals4-6 |
| | 4.3.2 Toxic Metal Levels in Plants and Plant Tissues .4-8 |
| | 4.4 Heavy Metals and Remediation .. 4-10 |
| | 4.5 Heavy Metals and Explosives-Contaminated Sites. 4-12 |
| | 5.0 LITERATURE ABSTRACTS: TNT AND RDX.. 5-1 |
| | 5.1 TNT Contamination in Soils.5-1 |
| | 5.1.1 General Articles 5-1 |
| | 5.1.2 Detection ..5-2 |
| | 5.1.3 TNT Contamination and Desorption..5-2 |
| | 5.1.4 TNT and Biodegradation 5-3 |
| | 5.1.5 TNT Contamination in Soils and Remediation.5-3 |
| | 5.1.6 TNT and Bioremediation .5-4 |
| | 5.1.7 TNT and Plant Uptake5-6 |
| | 5.2 RDX Contamination in Soils ..5-7 |
| | 5.2.1 General Articles 5-7 |
| | 5.2.2 RDX: Remediation5-8 |
| | 5.2.3 RDX: Detection..5-8 |
| | 5.3 TNT and RDX Contamination in Soil 5-8 |
| | 5.3.1 General Articles 5-9 |
| | 5.3.2 Microbial Degradation of TNT and RDX.. 5-11 |
| | 5.3.3 TNT and RDX: detection and On-Site Analysis 5-12 |
| | 5.3.4 TNT and RDX: Remediation .. 5-15 |
| | 6.0 LITERATURE ABSTRACTS: HEAVY METALS .. 6-1 |
| | 6.1 Metals Disposition in Soil: Articles on Metals in General ..6-1 |
| | 6.2 Metals Disposition in Soil: Articles on Individual Metals.6-5 |
| | 6.2.1 Iron (Fe)6-5 |
| | 6.2.2 Zinc (Zn) ..6-7 |
| | 6.2.3 Lead (Pb) ..6-8 |
| | 6.2.4 Nickel (Ni) .. 6-10 |
| | 6.2.5 Copper (Cu) 6-12 |
| | 6.2.6 Chromium (cr) 6-12 |
| | 6.2.7 Antimony (Sb). 6-13 |
| | 6.2.8 Cadmium (Cd).. 6-14 |
| | 6.2.9 Molybdenum (Mo) . 6-17 |
| | 6.2.10 Tin (Sn).. 6-17 |
| | 6.3 Heavy Metals and Plant Uptake .. 6-18 |
| | 6.3.1 Plant Biology 6-18 |
| | 6.3.2 General Articles on Heavy Metals and Plant Uptake .. 6-18 |
| | 6.3.3 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by Plants. 6-28 |
| | 7.0 LITERATURE ABSTRACTS: DOCUMENTS CONCERNED WITH BOTH EXPLOSIVES AND |
| | HEAVY METALS IN SOILS. 7-1 |
| | 8.0 LITERATURE ABSTRACTS: ALASKA .. 8-1 |
| | 8.1 Fort Greely: General..8-1 |
| | 8.1.1 General ..8-1 |
| | 8.1.2 Explosives and Fort Greely 8-2 |
| | 8.1.3 Plants and Fort Greely .8-3 |
| | 8.2 Alaska: Heavy Metals8-3 |
| | 8.2.1 Heavy Metals Contamination 8-3 |
| | 8.3 Alaska: Flora.8-4 |
| | 8.3.1 Books.8-4 |
| | 8.3.2 Articles .8-4 |
| | 8.3.3 Government Reports 8-6 |
| | 9.0 REFERENCES 9-1 |
| | 9.1 Web Pages Consulted..9-27 |
| | 9.2 Telephone Consultations and Personal Interviews ..9-27 |
| | 10.0 GLOSSARY 10-1 |
| | 10.1 Government Agencies .10-3 |
| | 11.0 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 11-1 |