| | ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIAL OF CLEAN |
| | 0,99 | | MB | MATERIAL TECHNOLOGIES |
| | 117 | | stron |
| | 1846 | | ID | INSTITUTE FOR PROSPECTIVE TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. III |
| | Introduction iii |
| | Current material demands and related environmental impactsiii |
| | Future material demands and related environmental impacts . iv |
| | Key technologies to reduce environmental impact iv |
| | Environmental effects of adopting clean technologiesvi |
| | Conclusions vi |
| | 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 |
| | 1.1 Objectives and limitations of the study 1 |
| | 1.2 Approach and structure of the report 1 |
| | 2 CURRENT MATERIAL CONSUMPTION . 3 |
| | 2.1 Introduction. 3 |
| | 2.2 System boundaries . 3 |
| | 2.3 Current material use . 3 |
| | 2.3.1 Data sources . 3 |
| | 2.3.2 Construction 5 |
| | 2.3.3 Packaging 6 |
| | 2.3.4 Transportation 7 |
| | 2.3.5 Goods (machinery, furniture, consumer durables) . 8 |
| | 2.3.6 Overview. 9 |
| | 2.4 Conclusions. 12 |
| | 3 ANALYSING THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RELATED TO MATERIALS 13 |
| | 3.1 Introduction. 13 |
| | 3.2 Environmental impact indicators . 13 |
| | 3.3 Environmental impact of materials 16 |
| | 3.4 Environmental impacts of application areas. 18 |
| | 3.5 Relevance of the material sector in total environmental impact. 19 |
| | 3.6 Conclusions. 21 |
| | 4 EXPECTED DEVELOPMENTS IN APPLICATION AREAS. 22 |
| | 4.1 Introduction. 22 |
| | 4.2 Construction . 22 |
| | 4.2.1 Buildings 22 |
| | 4.2.2 Infrastructure. 23 |
| | 4.3 Transport . 24 |
| | 4.3.1 Automotive 24 |
| | 4.3.2 Aviation . 24 |
| | 4.4 Products. 25 |
| | 4.4.1 Consumer durables. 25 |
| | 4.4.2 Consumer disposables 26 |
| | 4.4.3 ICT equipment . 26 |
| | 4.5 Packaging 27 |
| | 4.5.1 Food packaging 27 |
| | 4.5.2 Non-food packaging. 27 |
| | 4.6 Energy technologies . 28 |
| | 4.6.1 Energy conversion 28 |
| | 4.6.2 Energy storage . 29 |
| | 4.7 Conclusions. 30 |
| | 5 PROJECTIONS OF FUTURE MATERIAL CONSUMPTION. 31 |
| | 5.1 Introduction. 31 |
| | 5.2 Projections assuming autonomous technological progress 31 |
| | 5.2.1 Approach for projecting material production and consumption. 31 |
| | 5.2.2 Approach for projecting waste generation . 32 |
| | 5.2.3 Data sources . 33 |
| | 5.2.4 Results for bulk materials 34 |
| | 5.2.4.1 Steel . 34 |
| | 5.2.4.2 Aluminium. 36 |
| | 5.2.4.3 Plastics . 38 |
| | 5.2.4.4 Paper and board 40 |
| | 5.2.4.5 Cement . 42 |
| | 5.2.4.6 Glass 43 |
| | 5.2.4.7 Conclusion . 45 |
| | 5.3 Frozen matter projection 47 |
| | 5.3.1 Approach. 47 |
| | 5.3.2 Results. 48 |
| | 5.4 Estimates from other sources . 49 |
| | 5.5 Comparing projections . 51 |
| | 6 THE POTENTIAL OF CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES 53 |
| | 6.1 Introduction. 53 |
| | 6.2 Key technologies. 53 |
| | 6.3 Potential contributions to the reduction of environmental impacts 58 |
| | 6.4 Conclusions. 65 |
| | 7 SCENARIOS OF THE FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE MATERIAL SECTOR 66 |
| | 7.1 Introduction. 66 |
| | 7.2 Definition of the scenarios . 66 |
| | 7.3 Results. 67 |
| | 7.4 Conclusions. 87 |
| | 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 88 |
| | 8.1 Introduction. 88 |
| | 8.2 General conclusions . 88 |
| | 8.3 Conclusions from case studies . 90 |
| | 8.4 Conclusions from the workshop. 91 |
| | 8.5 Towards technology road maps and measures to stimulate the diffusion of clean technologies . |
| | 92 |
| | 8.6 Recommendations on research and technological development and technology implementation . |
| | 93 |
| | 8.7 Recommendations on tools and systems analyses 94 |
| | 9 REFERENCES . 96 |