THE INTRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN THE EUROPEAN

0,52

MB

TRANSPORT SECTOR: TECHNO-ECONOMIC BARRIERS AND

40

stron

PERSPECTIVES

1863

ID

INSTITUTE FOR PROSPECTIVE TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES

2004

rok

Table of Contents

Introduction. 1

1. The role of Biofuels. 3

1.1 The production of biofuels 3

1.2 Land area requirements for crop cultivation and availability of other raw material 5

1.3 Associated environmental impact . 6

2. Natural Gas as a fuel for road transport . 8

2.1 Availability of natural gas . 8

2.2 Development of a natural gas fleet 9

2.3 Barriers to market penetration and the role of captive fleets in the early adoption of natural gas

10

2.4 Technological developments in natural gas vehicles 11

2.5 Safety considerations and the development of technical standards 13

2.6 Gas quality issues 14

2.7 Experience with refuelling infrastructure 15

2.8 The deployment of the natural gas refuelling infrastructure . 16

2.9 A strategy for the development of a refuelling network and an estimation of infrastructure

investment. 17

3. Assessment of hydrogen production and delivery options . 21

4. The role of well-to-wheels studies in the assessment of alternative fuels 31

4.1 A review of well-to-wheels assessments.31

4.2 Pathway analysis .33