The State of EMAS in the EU

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Institute for Ecological Economy Research

2002

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1 Preface 3

2 Summary 4

3 Introduction: What is an Environmental Management System? 5

4 Participation in EMAS since 1995 7

4.1 Number of registered organisations 7

4.2 The scale of EMAS-Participation in terms of employees 8

4.3 EMAS in the service sector and in public administration 9

5 EMAS I and its Implementation in Industry 11

5.1 Motivations and expectations involved in the decision to implement EMAS 11

5.2 Implementation status of EMAS-elements 13

5.3 Cost of the implementation 15

5.4 Timescales for implementation 16

5.5 Environmental targets 17

5.6 Technical measures implemented 18

5.7 The impact of EMAS on innovation 19

5.8 Environmental results 19

5.9 Economic results 21

5.10 Difficulties, burdens and hindrances 23

5.11 EMAS in SMEs 24

5.12 EMAS or ISO 26

5.13 Phases of introduction and environmental strategy 27

5.14 Environmental statement 29

6 EMAS II in public administration 31

6.1 Motivations and expectations involved in the decision to implement EMAS 32

6.2 Implementation status of EMAS-elements 34

6.3 Cost of implementation 34

6.4 Timescales for implementation 35

6.5 Environmental targets 35

6.6 Technical measures implemented 36

6.7 Environmental results 37

6.8 Economic results 37

6.9 Burdens and hindrances 37

6.10 Conclusion 38

7 Incentives to participate in EMAS 39

7.1 Regulatory and monetary incentives 39

7.2 EMAS in Public Procurement 42

8 Evaluation of EMAS II by stakeholders 44

9 EMAS as a step to managing sustainability 46

9.1 Sustainable Development at company level 46

9.2 Decision-making and Sustainable Development 47

9.3 Co-operation as a key issue in achieving Sustainable Development 49

9.4 Future Directions 50

10 Bibliography 51

11 Bibliography Public Administration 57