STUDY ON EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS RELATED TO THE

1,01
MB LIFE CYCLE OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES, FINAL REPORT

163
stron

2038
ID Bio Intelligence Service

2003
rok

C O N T E N T

1 PART 1 - METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 20

1.1 OBJECTIVES AND CONTENT OF THE STUDY 20

1.1.1 Background of the Study 20

1.1.2 Objectives of the study 20

1.1.3 Content of the Study 21

1.2 PRODUCT OR SERVICE CATEGORIES COVERED BY THIS STUDY 22

1.2.1 Classification Elaborated 22

1.2.2 “Economic Representativeness” of the Product or Service Categories Considered 28

1.3 METHODOLOGY ELABORATED TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND

EXTERNALITIES OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES LIFE CYCLE AT A MACROECONOMIC LEVEL

31

1.3.1 Overall Description of the Four-Step Methodology 31

1.3.2 Methodological Framework for the Assessment of the Environmental Impacts 34

1.3.3 Methodological Framework for the Monetary Valuation of Environmental Impacts 46

1.3.4 Methodological Framework for the Internalisation of External Costs 52

1.3.5 Summary of the Difficulties and Uncertainties to Implement the Methodology 57

1.4 DATA AND HYPOTHESES 59

1.4.1 Environmental Impacts 59

1.4.2 External Costs 69

1.4.3 External Costs Internalised 73

2 PART 2 - RESULTS 79

2.1 RESULTS OBTAINED: PHYSICAL AND MONETARISED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF

PRODUCT OR SERVICE CATEGORIES CONSUMED IN THE EU 79

2.1.1 Results Reliability 79

2.1.2 Environmental Impacts Generated in the EU 82

2.1.3 External Cost of the Environmental Impacts Generated in the EU 93

2.1.4 Internalisation of Environmental External Costs 100

2.1.5 Summary of the Main Results 114

2.2 CASE STUDIES ON ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS 116

2.2.1 Objective of this Phase of the Study 116

2.2.2 Presentation of Case Studies 116

2.2.3 Methodology 119

2.2.4 Conclusion about Case Studies 122

2.2.5 Main Lessons from the Case Studies 125

2.3 LIMITS OF THE STUDY AND FURTHER RESEARCH WORK TO BE PERFORMED 126

2.3.1 Product and Services Classification 126

2.3.2 Environmental Impacts Assessment 126

2.3.3 Environmental Impacts Monetarisation (External Costs) 127

2.3.4 Environmental Taxes 127

2.3.5 IPP Indicators 128

2.3.6 Temporal Dimension 128

1 APPENDIX 1: SOME EXISTING CLASSIFICATIONS OF PRODUCTS / SERVICES OR

ACTIVITIES 129

1.1 COICOP: CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION BY PURPOSE 129

1.2 CPA: STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTS BY ACTIVITY IN THE EUROPEAN

ECONOMIC COMMUNITY 129

1.3 NACE: STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EUROPEAN

COMMUNITY 130

1.4 SITC: STANDARD INTERNATIONAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION 131

1.5 UNESCO BASIC HUMAN NEEDS 131

2 APPENDIX 2: EXISTING METHODS TO MONETARISE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

132

2.1 PREVENTIVE EXPENDITURES METHOD OR AVOIDING COST METHOD 133

2.2 RESTORATION COSTS METHOD OR REPLACEMENT COSTS METHOD 133

2.3 DOSE-RESPONSE APPROACH OR IMPACT PATHWAY METHOD OR DAMAGE COSTS

METHOD 134

2.4 HEDONIC PRICES METHOD 135

2.5 TRAVEL COST METHOD 135

2.6 CONTINGENT VALUATION METHOD 136

3 APPENDIX 3: CHARACTERISATION FACTORS USED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

EVALUATION 137

4 APPENDIX 4: BRIEF PRESENTATION OF THE MONETARISATION WORKS CONSIDERED IN

THIS STUDIES 143

5 APPENDIX 5: EXTERNAL COST FACTORS USED IN EXISTING STUDIES FOR MONETARY

VALUATION 145

5.1 CONVERSION OF ALL THE EXTERNAL COST FACTORS INTO A SINGLE CURRENCY 145

5.2 NON-EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF STUDIES IDENTIFIED PER IMPACT DOMAIN 145

5.3 HOW THE EXTERNAL COST FACTORS USED IN THIS STUDY WERE SELECTED / BUILD

147

5.3.1 Air Emissions 147

5.3.2 Water Emissions 149

5.3.3 Waste 149

5.3.4 Human Toxicity Due to Heavy Metals Emissions 150

5.3.5 Summary of External Cost Factors Used in this Study 150

5.4 NON-EXHAUSTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ABOUT MONETARISATION 152

5.4.1 Studies 152

5.4.2 Websites 154

6 APPENDIX 6: ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES CONSIDERED FOR DENMARK, FRANCE AND

POLAND 155

6.1 TAXES ON NATURAL RESOURCES EXTRACTION 155

6.1.1 Taxes on Aggregates 155

6.1.2 Taxes on Water Extraction 155

6.2 TAXES ON AIR POLLUTION 156

6.3 TAXES ON WATER POLLUTION 157

6.4 TAXES ON WASTE 158

6.5 TAXES ON ENERGY PRODUCTS 159

6.5.1 Taxes on Motor Fuels 159

6.5.2 Taxes on Heating Fuels 159

6.6 TAXES ON TRANSPORT 160

6.7 SPECIFIC TAXES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 160

6.7.1 Taxes on Pesticides 160

6.7.2 Taxes on Fertilisers 160

6.8 TAXES ON SPECIFIC PRODUCTS 161

7 APPENDIX 7: DETAILED RESULTS PER PRODUCT OR SERVICE CATEGORY 163

8 APPENDIX 8: DETAILED CASE STUDIES 163