Clean Up the Nation's Waste Sites: Markets and Technology

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Trends - 1996 Edition

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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2002

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NOTICE . ii

FORWARD . iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

LIST OF EXHIBITS . ix

CHAPTER 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1-1

1.1 Introduction . 1-1

1.2 Market Size 1-2

1.2.1 Number of Sites 1-2

1.2.2 Estimated Cleanup Costs . 1-5

1.3 Site Characteristics 1-8

1.3.1 Media 1-9

1.3.2 Contaminants 1-9

1.4 Technologies 1-12

1.4.1 History and Outlook for Technology Applications . 1-12

1.4.2 Technology Development Efforts 1-16

1.5 Cleanup Program Status and Factors Affecting Demand 1-19

1.5.1 Superfund Sites . 1-19

1.5.2 RCRA Corrective Action Sites 1-20

1.5.3 Underground Storage Tank Sites 1-21

1.5.4 Department of Defense Sites . 1-21

1.5.5 Department of Energy Sites 1-22

1.5.6 Civilian Federal Agency Sites . 1-22

1.5.7 State and Private Party Sites 1-23

1.6 Using This Document . 1-23

CHAPTER 2 TRENDS IN THE USE OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES AT NATIONAL PRIORITIES

LIST SITES 2-1

2.1 The Superfund Program 2-1

2.1.1 The National Contingency Plan 2-1

2.1.2 The Superfund Process . 2-1

2.1.3 Program Status . 2-3

2.2 History of Technology Use in Superfund . 2-4

2.2.1 Containment and Disposal Technologies . 2-4

2.2.2 Innovative and Established Technologies for Treatment 2-4

2.3 Innovative Remedies for Source Control 2-8

2.3.1 Treatment of Volatile Organic Compounds . 2-9

2.3.2 Treatment of Semivolatile Organic Compounds 2-9

2.3.3 Treatment of Metals 2-11

2.3.4 Waste Matrices and Quantities 2-12

2.4 Innovative Remedies for Groundwater 2-12

2.5 Research and Development 2-12

2.6 Conclusions on Technology Trends 2-15

2.7 References 2-16

CHAPTER 3 DEMAND FOR REMEDIATION OF NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES . 3-1

3.1 Factors Affecting Demand for Cleanup . 3-1

3.2 Number of Sites 3-2

3.3 Site Characteristics 3-4

3.3.1 Types of Contaminated Matrices . 3-4

3.3.2 Types of Contaminants 3-4

3.3.3 Estimated Quantities of Contaminated Material 3-7

3.4 Estimated Cleanup Costs . 3-8

3.5 Market Entry Considerations 3-9

3.5.1 Market Considerations During Remedy Selection . 3-9

3.5.2 Market Considerations During Design and Procurement 3-10

3.5.3 Research and Development 3-11

3.5.4 Disseminating Innovative Technology Information 3-11

3.6 References 3-12

CHAPTER 4 DEMAND FOR REMEDIATION OF RCRA CORRECTIVE ACTION SITES . 4-1

4.1 Program Description . 4-1

4.1.1 Corrective Action Process . 4-2

4.1.2 Corrective Action Implementation 4-4

4.2 Factors Affecting Demand for Cleanup . 4-5

4.3 Number and Characteristics of Facilities 4-6

4.3.1 Number and Types of Facilities 4-6

4.3.2 Characteristics and Quantities of Hazardous Waste . 4-9

4.4 Estimated Cleanup Costs 4-11

4.5 Market Entry Considerations . 4-13

4.6 Remedial Technologies 4-13

4.7 References 4-15

CHAPTER 5 DEMAND FOR REMEDIATION OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SITES . 5-1

5.1 Program Description . 5-1

5.2 Factors Affecting Demand for Cleanup . 5-2

5.3 Number and Characteristics of Sites . 5-3

5.3.1 Number of USTs . 5-3

5.3.2 Types of Contaminants Found at UST Sites . 5-4

5.3.3 Ownership of Tanks . 5-4

5.3.4 Size and Age of Tanks . 5-4

5.3.5 Location of Regulated Tanks 5-5

5.3.6 Number of Sites to be Cleaned Up 5-5

5.3.7 Quantities of Contaminated Material 5-6

5.4 Estimated Cleanup Costs . 5-6

5.5 Market Entry Considerations 5-7

5.6 Remedial Technologies . 5-7

5.7 References 5-11

CHAPTER 6 DEMAND FOR REMEDIATION OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SITES 6-1

6.1 Program Description . 6-1

6.1.1 Installation Restoration Program . 6-2

6.1.2 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) 6-2

6.2 Factors Affecting Demand for Cleanup . 6-3

6.3 Number and Characteristics of Sites . 6-5

6.3.1 Number and Types of Sites . 6-5

6.3.2 Contaminated Matrices 6-6

6.3.3 Types of Contaminants 6-8

6.4 Estimated Cleanup Costs 6-10

6.5 Market Entry Considerations . 6-12

6.6 Technologies Used and Research, Development and Demonstrations . 6-14

6.7 References 6-17

CHAPTER 7 DEMAND FOR REMEDIATION OF DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SITES . 7-1

7.1 Program Description . 7-1

7.1.1 Decontamination and Decommissioning (D&D) 7-2

7.1.2 Remedial Actions . 7-2

7.1.3 Long-term Surveillance and Maintenance . 7-4

7.2 Factors Affecting Demand for Cleanup 7-4

7.3 Number and Characteristics of Sites . 7-5

7.4 Estimated Cleanup Costs 7-15

7.5 Market Entry Considerations . 7-18

7.6 Technologies Used and Research, Development, and Demonstration . 7-19

7.7 References 7-23

CHAPTER 8 DEMAND FOR REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED WASTE SITES MANAGED BY

CIVILIAN FEDERAL AGENCIES 8-1

8.1 Civilian Federal Agency Cleanup Programs . 8-2

8.2 Factors Affecting Demand for Cleanup . 8-2

8.3 Number of Facilities . 8-3

8.4 Estimated Cleanup Costs . 8-5

8.5 Remedial Technologies . 8-7

8.6 References . 8-8

CHAPTER 9 DEMAND FOR REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED WASTE SITES MANAGED BY

STATES AND PRIVATE PARTIES . 9-1

9.1 State Hazardous Waste Site Programs . 9-1

9.1.1 General Operations of State Cleanup Programs 9-2

9.1.2 Voluntary and Brownfields Programs . 9-2

9.1.3 Federal Initiatives Affecting State Cleanup 9-4

9.2 Factors Affecting Demand for Cleanups 9-4

9.3 Number of Sites 9-6

9.4 Estimated Cleanup Costs . 9-8

9.4.1 Status and Capacity of State Cleanup Funds 9-8

9.4.2 Annual and Projected Cleanup Costs 9-9

9.5 Remedial Technologies 9-12

9.6 References 9-12

APPENDIX A: SUPPORTING DATA FOR ANALYSIS OF NPL SITES . A-1

APPENDIX B: SUPPORTING DATA FOR ANALYSIS OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SITES

B-1

APPENDIX C: SUPPORTING DATA FOR ANALYSIS OF DOD SITES . C-1

APPENDIX D: ADDITIONAL DATA ON DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SITES . D-1

APPENDIX E: FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCY PROGRAMS . E-1

APPENDIX F: BIBLIOGRAPHY F-1

APPENDIX G: DEFINITIONS OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES SELECTED FOR NPL SITE

CLEANUPS . G-1

APPENDIX H: ACRONYMS . H-1