Phytoremediation of TCE using Populus

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59

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2122

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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2002

rok

Table of Contents

Purpose 1

1. Overview of Phytoremediation 1

1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Phytoremediation 3

1.2 Performance 4

1.3 Cost 4

2. Phytoremediation of TCE with Trees in the Genus Populus 7

2.1 Description of TCE 7

2.1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of TCE 7

2.1.2 TCE Availability to Plant Roots 8

2.1.3 Toxicity of TCE to Animals 9

2.1.4 Toxicity of TCE to Plants 9

2.2 Description of Populus sp. 9

2.3 Mechanisms of TCE Phytoremediation by Populus sp. 12

2.3.1 Overview of Mechanisms 12

2.3.2 Enzymatic Degradation and Mineralization in Populus 13

2.3.3 Enhanced TCE Degradation and Mineralization in the Rhizosphere

2.3.4 Insoluble Residues of TCE 15

2.3.5 TCE Volatilization 15

2.4 Field Trials 16

2.5 Uncertainties of Phytoremediation with Populus sp. 16

2.6 Other Types of Populus Phytoremediation Projects 17

2.7 Populus versus Other Treatment Technologies 17

3. Case Studies 19

3.1 Aberdeen Proving Grounds - Edgewood Area J Fields Site (Edgewood, MD)

3.1.1 Site Design, Monitoring, and Goals 21

3.1.2 Cost 23

3.1.3 Performance to Date 23

3.2 Edward Sears Property (New Gretna, NJ) 24

3.2.1 Site Design, Monitoring, and Goals 26

3.2.2 Cost 27

3.2.3 Performance to Date 27

3.3 Carswell Air Force Base (Ft. Worth, TX) 28

3.3.1 Site Design, Monitoring, and Goals 28

3.3.2 Cost 29

3.3.3 Performance to Date 29

4. The Future of Phytoremediation 31

4.1 Future Research 31

Appendix A - Companies Specializing in Phytoremediation Technologies 39

Appendix B - Phytoremediation Enzymes 40

Appendix C - Some Representative Examples of Phytoremediation Projects 41

Appendix D - Phytoremediation Web Sites 42

References 43