Standard Guidelines for the Environmental Monitoring of

2,06

MB

Chemicals

286

stron

2335

ID

Japanese Environmental Agency

2002

rok

CONTENTS

I Monitoring Chemical Substances . 1

I.1 Introduction .1

I.2 Monitoring - Concepts and Design..4

I.3 Target Chemicals..5

I.4 Basic information and activities involved in environmental monitoring ..20

II Sampling 23

II.1 Water quality 23

II.1.1 Sampling timing .. 23

II.1.2 Sampling point.. 23

II.1.3 Sampling tools and containers 24

II.1.4 Sampling operation 25

II.1.5 Field records .. 25

II.1.6 Labelling of samples.. 25

II.1.7 Transport and storage of samples . 26

II.2 Sediment .26

II.2.1 Sampling timing .. 26

II.2.2 Sampling point.. 26

II.2.3 Sampling tools and containers 27

II.2.4 Sampling operation 27

II.2.5 Field records .. 28

II.2.6 Labelling of samples.. 28

II.2.7 Transport and storage of samples . 28

II.3 Soil.29

II.3.1 Sampling timing .. 29

II.3.2 Sampling point.. 29

II.3.3 Sampling tools .. 30

II.3.4 Sampling operation 30

II.3.5 Field records .. 31

II.3.6 Labelling of samples.. 32

II.3.7 Transport and storage of samples . 32

II.4 Air..32

II.4.1 Sampling timing .. 32

II.4.2 Sampling point.. 32

II.4.3 Sampling tools and methods. 33

II.4.4 Record of field research 35

II.4.5 Labelling of samples.. 35

II.4.6 How to transfer and store samples .. 35

II.5 Living things.35

II.5.1 Capture.. 35

II.5.2 Capture method 36

II.5.3 Record of field research 36

II.5.4 Transfer and storage . 36

II.5.5 Sample labelling .. 37

II.6 Wastes ..37

II.6.1 Sampling timing .. 37

II.6.2 Sampling point.. 37

II.6.3 Sampling tools, sampling operation, transfer and storage of samples 37

II.6.4 Record of filed research 38

II.6.5 Display and coding of samples 38

II.7 Sampling flow chart .39

III Analytical Methods 41

III.1 Outline of chemical analysis in the environment 41

III.1.1 Analytical order of chemicals in the environmental samples .. 41

III.1.2 Sample preparation methods .. 41

III.1.3 Instrumental Analytical Methods . 56

III.1.4 Procedures for analysis of new compounds . 64

III.2 Practical analytical methods66

III.2.1 Simultaneous analytical method for harmful compounds in water and sediment using GC/MS

66

III.2.2 Analytical method for volatile compounds in ambient air using canisters.. 72

III.2.3 Analysis of dioxins in sediments and biological samples 82

III.2.4 Analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in water, sediment, biological

organisms, and air 91

III.2.5 Analytical method for aldehydes and ketones in air . 99

III.2.6 Analytical method for volatile compounds in water 104

III.2.7 Analytical method of organochlorine pesticides in water, sediment and biological samples.

108

III.2.8 Analytical method for tributyltin(TBT) and triphenyltin(TPT) in water, sediment and biological

organisms .114

III.2.9 Analytical methods for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water, sediment,

biological samples, and air 120

III.2.10 Measurement method of coarse lipid 130

IV Evaluation of research results .. 131

IV.1 Generalisation of research results.131

IV.1.1 Feature of research results of environmental monitoring .. 132

IV.1.2 Basic statistical management .. 133

IV.1.3 Visualisation of the research results. 136

IV.1.4 Significance test. 137

IV.2 Behaviour analysis .140

IV.2.1 Information needed for behaviour analysis.. 141

IV.2.2 Mechanisms of chemical movement in the environment . 144

IV.2.3 Process of transport, movement and decomposition in the environment .. 145

IV.2.4 Behaviour evaluation model .. 154

IV.3 Risk assessment method .183

IV.3.1 Structure and concept of risk assessment . 183

IV.3.2 Application of environmental monitoring data to exposure assessment 196

IV.3.3 An example of risk assessment - Dioxins .. 203

IV.3.4 Dose-response assessment.. 207

IV.3.5 Revision of the Tolerable Daily Intake(TDI)for dioxins. 215

IV.4 Ecological risk assessment.223

IV.4.1 Outline of ecological risk assessment of OECD HPVC project . 223

IV.4.2 Ecological effect tests . 227

IV.4.3 QSAR 234

IV.4.4 Use of toxicity data.. 238

IV.4.5 Estimation and judgement of ecological risk 241

IV.5 Information sources and searches useful for the evaluation of research results ..243

IV.5.1 Information about compounds.. 244

IV.5.2 Information about toxicity .. 244

IV.5.3 General information 244

IV.5.4 Internet sites or contact address. 246

V Quality control : guidelines for achieving quality in trace analysis 249

V.1 Introduction 249

V.2 Apparatus and instruments..249

V.2.1 Laboratory. 250

V.2.2 Analysts.. 251

V.2.3 Laboratory infrastructure 252

V.2.4 Analytical standards and reference materials 253

V.3 Methods.255

V.3.1 Plan 255

V.3.2 Selection / development of analytical methods .. 256

V.3.3 Adequacy 257

V.3.4 Quality control system .. 258

V.3.5 Documenting analytical methods 259

V.4 Analysis.259

V.4.1 Receiving and storage of samples 259

V.4.2 Taking sub-samples. 260

V.4.3 Sample preparation. 260

V.4.4 Measurement .. 260

V.4.5 Making calibration curves .. 261

V.4.6 Signal management. 262

V.4.7 Confirmation analysis 263

V.4.8 Dealing with raw data and reports 263

V.4.9 Maintenance of records and storage of data. 264

V.5 Monitoring and inspection .265

V.6 Appendix ..265

V.6.1 Staff .. 265

V.6.2 Apparatus.. 266

V.6.3 Analytical methods.. 266

V.6.4 Standard reagents and reference materials. 266

V.6.5 Quality control 267

V.6.6 Control of samples 267

V.6.7 Records 267

V.6.8 Definition of terminology . 268

V.6.9 Check List 275

VI Environmental monitoring - the Japanese case .. 279

VI.1 Co-operation with local public bodies ..279

VI.2 Facilities and instrumentation (Government and local public bodies).280

VI.3 Practical guidance and training systems ..281