IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and

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the Global Climate System: Issues Related to

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Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2005

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Contents

Summary for Policymakers

1. Introduction 2

2. Halocarbons, ozone depletion and climate change 4

2.1 What are the past and present effects of ODSs and their substitutes on the Earth’s climate and

the ozone layer? 4

2.2 How does the phase-out of ODSs affect efforts to address climate change and ozone

depletion? 5

2.3 What are the implications of substitu-tion of ODSs for air quality and other environmental

issues relating to atmospheric chemistry? 6

3. Production, banks and emissions 8

3.1 How are production, banks and emissions related in any particular year? 8

3.2 What can observations of atmospheric concentrations tell us about banks and emissions? 8

3.3 How are estimated banks and emissions projected to develop in the period 2002 to 2015? 8

4. Options for ODS phase-out and reducing greenhouse gas emissions 11

4.1 What major opportunities have been identi. ed for reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and

how can they be assessed? 11

4.2 What are the sectoral emission reduction potentials in 2015 and what are associated costs? 12

4.3 What are the current policies, measures and instruments? 14

4.4 What can be said about availability of HFCs/PFCs in the future for use in developing

countries? 14

Technical Summary

1. Introduction 16

2. Halocarbons, ozone depletion and climate change 18

2.1 How do the CFCs and their replacements contribute to the radiative forcing of the climate

system? 18

2.2 How long do CFCs and their replacements remain in the atmosphere after they are emitted? 19

2.3 How are the atmospheric concentrations and emissions of CFCs, halons, HCFCs, HFCs and

PFCs changing? 20

2.4 How much do the halocarbon gases and their replacements contribute to positive radiative

forcing of the climate system relative to pre-industrial times? What about relative to 1970? 22

2.5 How has stratospheric ozone changed in recent decades and why? 23

2.6 How has ozone depletion affected the radiative forcing of the climate system? 23

2.7 What factors are expected to control ozone in the coming century? Will it ‘recover’ to pre-ozone-

hole values? Has the recovery already begun? 24

2.8 How much are CFCs, HCFCs and their possible replacements expected to a. ect the future

radiative forcing of the climate system? 25

2.9 What is the global warming potential and how is it used? 26

2.10 Are HCFCs, HFCs or their replacements expected to have other e. ects on future

environmental chemistry? 28

3. Options for ODS phase-out and reducing GHG emissions 29

3.1 Where do GHG emissions occur that are related to the use of ODSs and their substitutes? 29

3.2 How are estimated banks and emissions projected to develop during the period 2002 to 2015?

29

3.3 Which options are available for reducing GHG emissions? 36

3.4 Which assessment tools can provide information on technology choices? 36

3.5 What are regional di. erences? 39

3.6 What major opportunities have been identified for reducing GHG emissions associated with the

use of ODSs, their substitutes and related indirect emissions? 39

3.7 Which policy instruments are available to achieve the reductions in the emissions of GHGs

addressed in this report? 46

3.8 What can be said about the future availability of HFCs/PFCs for use in developing countries?

46

4. Important findings for sectors using ODSs and their alternatives 48

4.1 What are the most important findings for the refrigeration sector? 48

4.2 What are the most important findings for residential and commercial air conditioning and

heating? 55

4.3 What are the most important findings for mobile air conditioning? 57

4.4 What are the most important findings for foams? 60

4.5 What are the most important findings for medical aerosols? 67

4.6 What are the most important findings for fire protection? 69

4.7 What are the most important findings for non-medical aerosols and solvents and for HFC-23

emissions? 74

Annex I Glossary of terms 81

Annex II Major Chemical Formulae and Nomenclure 85