Air travel, life-style, energy use and environmental impact

2,94

MB

266

stron

2365

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Technical University of Denmark

2001

rok

Table of Contents

Executive Summary . I

Table of Contents . IX

List of Figures .

List of Tables

Acknowledgements XIX

Introduction . 1

Chapter 1 - Purpose, methodological concepts and contents

1.1 The purpose of the study and the overall research questions .

1.2 Focus of the study .

1.3 Possibilities to reduce emissions of GHGs from air transport .

1.4 Overall methodology and contents

Chapter 2 - Determinants of passenger air travel growth

2.1 Introduction - growth in civil air transport

2.2 On lifestyles and social practices

2.3 Determinants of passenger air travel growth

2.4 Drivers of passenger air travel growth

2.4.1 Building up commercial civil air transport's "socio-technical system" .

2.4.2 Technological change .

2.4.3 Competition among nations

2.4.4 Government subsidies

2.4.5 Economic growth policy

2.4.6 Increasing income and reduced real airfares

2.4.7 Airline yield management systems .

2.4.8 Airline market competition

2.4.9 Globalisation .

2.4.10 Population growth and distribution of wealth

2.4.11 Other social factors

2.5 Impeders to passenger air travel growth .

2.5.1 The role of infrastructure planning

2.5.2 Alternative lifestyles, alternative society modes and catastrophes .

2.5.3 Possible future environmental policies .

2.6 The current political setting .

2.6.1 The position of the environmental NGOs .

2.6.2 The position of the commercial civil air transport industry

2.6.3 The international framework and the role of the European Commission

2.6.4 The current work in ICAO .

2.7 The position of consumers and the need for common action

2.8 Concluding remarks

Chapter 3 - Energy intensity of passenger air travel and freight

3.1 Introduction - the CO2 emissions from transport .

3.2 Purpose of this chapter.

3.3 Description of the main sources of information .

3.4 Evolution of the fuel intensity of passenger air travel

3.5 Fuel intensity of different type of aircraft .

3.6 A further look into the specific fuel intensity of aircraft

3.6.1 Airframe size and engine

3.6.2 Passenger and freight load factors and seat configuration

3.6.3 Flight distance

3.7 Comparison of the average fuel intensity of airlines

3.7.1 A closer look at the American air carriers .

3.8 A closer look at the weight share of freight in passenger aircraft

3.9 Comparison to other modes of transportation .

3.10 Energy intensity of passenger air travel in the future

3.10.1 The potential effect of replacing the oldest aircraft

3.10.2 The fuel intensity of next-generation aircraft types

3.10.3 Operational possibilities to reduce the specific fuel intensity

3.10.4 Long-term possibilities for reducing the GHG intensity of aircraft

3.11 Data problems and areas that need further research .

Chapter 4 - Assessing the possible impact of a global jet fuel tax.

4.1 Introduction .

4.2 Consideration of the impact on airlines of a kerosene tax

4.3 The impact of a kerosene tax on airlines' fuel costs .

4.4 The impact of a kerosene tax on airlines' operating costs

4.4.1 The impact of a kerosene tax on airlines' direct operating costs .

4.4.2 The impact of a kerosene tax on the airlines' total operating costs .

4.5 Impact of a kerosene tax on airfares .

4.6 Impact of a kerosene tax on the demand for air travel and on airline fuel efficiency

4.7 Discussion of the fuel tax studies reviewed

Chapter 5 - The future role of commercial civil air transport in a sustainable energy system .

5.1 Challenges facing a future environmentally sustainable energy system .

5.1.1 Example of a sustainable energy system .

5.2 Challenges for commercial civil air transport

5.2.1 Global air traffic growth versus environmental sustainability

5.2.2 Technical and operational fixes versus growth .

5.3 Proposal for a long-term sustainability target for civil air transport

Conclusions and recommendations .

Literature .

Glossary - abbreviations and terms .

Units .

Appendixes .

Appendix A - The World's top 25 airlines in 1999

Appendix B - Types of civil passenger jets in use, in production, under development or planned .

Appendix C - Turbine-engined aircraft in the World airline fleet by model 1994-1998

Appendix D - Distribution of air traffic on carriers situated in different geographical regions 1999

Appendix E - Current and next-generation Airbus family specifications .

Appendix F - Aviation and environment related Web pages

Appendix G - World international tourism development .

Appendix H - Developments in aircraft performance