Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report

6,46

MB

219

stron

2375

ID

United Nations Environment Programme

2005

rok

Table of Contents

Foreword.5

Preface.9

Reader's Guide.15

Summary for Decision-makers 16

Finding 1: Ecosystem Change in Last 50 Years 18

Finding 2: Gains and Losses from Ecosystem Change19

Finding 3: Ecosystem Prospects for Next 50 Years.27

Finding 4: Reversing Ecosystem Degradation 31

Key Questions in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

1. How have ecosystems changed? 56

2. How have ecosystem services and their use changed? 75

3. How have ecosystem changes affected human well-being and poverty alleviation?.90

4. What are the most critical factors causing ecosystem changes? 114

5. How might ecosystems and their services change in the future under various plausible

scenarios? .123

6. What can be learned about the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being at sub-

global scales? 142

7. What is known about time scales, inertia, and the risk of nonlinear changes in ecosystems? 148

8. What options exist to sustainably manage ecosystems? 154

9. What are the most important uncertainties hindering decision-making concerning

ecosystems?.169

Appendix A. Ecosystem Service Reports 171

Appendix B. Effectiveness of Assessed Responses.199

Appendix C. Authors, Coordinators, and Review Editors.208

Appendix D. Abbreviations, Acronyms, Figure Sources 215

Appendix E. Assessment Report Tables of Contents 218