Hydrogen Futures: Toward a Sustainable Energy System

0,43

MB

92

stron

2383

ID

WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE

2005

rok

Table of Contents

Introduction 5

Gases Rising 13

Feedstock Today, Fuel Tomorrow28

Engines of Change 39

The Fuel Choice Question44

Greening the Infrastructure54

Building the Hydrogen Economy 62

Appendix: Hydrogen Links 76

Notes79

Tables and Figures

Table 1: Oil Imports as a Share of Total Energy Requirements, Industrial Nations, 1990-2020 22

Table 2: Methods of Storing Hydrogen 36

Table 3: Methods of Transporting Hydrogen 38

Table 4: Main Types of Fuel Cells 40

Table 5: Ten Elements of a Hydrogen Policy 64

Figure 1: Global Energy Systems Transition, 1850-2150 14

Figure 2: The Atomic Hydrogen/Carbon Ratio 16

Figure 3: Hydrogen-Carbon Ratio, World Energy Mix, 1860-199017

Figure 4: World Carbon Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning, 1950-2000 23

Figure 5: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Global Average Surface Temperature,

1950-2000 24

Figure 6: A Hydrogen Energy System 29

Figure 7: A Renewable Hydrogen Cycle 33

Figure 8: A Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 42

Figure 9: Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Gasoline ICE and Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Vehicles 48

Figure 10: Total Life Cycle Costs, Selected Fuel/Vehicle Combinations 60

Box: Is Hydrogen Safe?19