Benefits of Reducing Demand for Gasoline and Diesel

0,61

MB

94

stron

2471

ID

TIAX LLC

2004

rok

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement . iv

1. Introduction. 1-1

1.1 Direct Environmental Net Benefit Analysis Methodology 1-2

1.1.1 Petroleum Reduction Options Assessed in this Study . 1-3

1.1.2 Assessing Environmental Benefits Due to Petroleum Reduction 1-5

1.2 External Cost of Petroleum Dependency. 1-9

1.3 Economic Benefits of Petroleum Reduction Analysis Methodology 1-9

2. Air Emission Reduction. 2-1

2.1 Emission Sources Associated with Vehicle Operation 2-1

2.2 Emission Factor Development. 2-3

2.2.1 Definition of Fuel Cycles. 2-4

2.2.2 Determining Local Emission Reductions 2-8

2.3 Criteria Pollutant and GHG Emission Reductions. 2-13

3.1 Estimating Damage Costs Associated with Environmental Pollution. 3-19

3.1.1 Damages. 3-20

3.1.2 Emissions and Exposure 3-22

3.1.3 Monetizing Benefits. 3-23

3.2 Methodology for Estimating Environmental Benefits of Petroleum Dependency 3-25

3.3 Estimating Damages for PM2.5 and Toxic Emissions 3-28

3.3.1 PM2.5 Health-Based Damages 3-29

3.3.2 Valuation of Toxic Emissions 3-34

3.4 Valuation of Water Pollution . 3-34

3.5 Valuation of Greenhouse Gases. 3-35

3.6 External Cost of Petroleum Dependency. 3-41

4. DENB and External Cost Reductions Associated with Petroleum Reduction Options . 4-1

4.1 Group 1 - Improved Fuel Economy and Other Fuel Efficiency Options 4-1

4.2 Group 2 - Fuel Displacement Options. 4-6

4.3 Group 3 - Pricing Options . 4-11

4.4 Comparison of Benefits Between Petroleum Reduction Options 4-13

4.5 Possible California Economic Impacts of Petroleum Reduction Strategies 4-13

5. Summary of Economic Benefits 5-1

References.R-1