Solid Waste Management And Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle

3,26

MB

Assessment of Emissions and Sinks

160

stron

2477

ID

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2002

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: BACKGROUND AND FINDINGS

1. METHODOLOGY. 1

1.1 THE OVERALL FRAMEWORK: A STREAMLINED LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY 2

1.2 MSW MATERIALS CONSIDERED IN THE STREAMLINED LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY 2

1.3 KEY INPUTS AND BASELINES FOR THE STREAMLINED LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY 4

1.4 SUMMARY OF THE LIFE-CYCLE STAGES.. 7

1.5 ESTIMATING AND COMPARING NET GHG EMISSIONS 13

2. RAW MATERIALS ACQUISITION AND MANUFACTURING. 15

2.1 GHG EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY USE IN RAW MATERIALS ACQUISITION AND

MANUFACTURING. 15

2.2 NON-ENERGY GHG EMISSIONS FROM MANUFACTURING AND RAW MATERIALS

ACQUISITION . 18

2.3 RESULTS 19

2.4 LIMITATIONS. 19

3. FOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATION. 29

3.1 MODELING FRAMEWORK 30

3.2 THE NORTH AMERICAN PULP AND PAPER (NAPAP) MODEL 32

3.3 THE TIMBER ASSESSMENT MARKET MODEL (TAMM) AND THE AGGREGATE TIMBERLAND

ASSESSMENT SYSTEM (ATLAS) 38

3.4 THE FOREST CARBON MODEL (FORCARB) .. 42

3.5 THE HARVESTED CARBON MODEL (WOODCARB). 44

3.6 APPLYING THE MODELS FOR WOOD PRODUCTS 46

3.7 RESULTS 48

3.8 LIMITATIONS. 52

4. SOURCE REDUCTION AND RECYCLING 55

4.1 GHG IMPLICATIONS OF SOURCE REDUCTION.. 55

4.2 GHG IMPLICATIONS OF RECYCLING. 57

4.3 SOURCE REDUCTION WITH MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION 60

4.4 LIMITATIONS. 61

5. COMPOSTING. 65

5.1 POTENTIAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 66

5.2 POTENTIAL CARBON STORAGE. 66

5.3 NET GHG EMISSIONS FROM COMPOSTING .. 76

5.4 LIMITATIONS. 78

6. COMBUSTION. 81

6.1 METHODOLOGY..83

6.2 RESULTS 93

6.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS.. 93

7. LANDFILLING 97

7.1 EXPERIMENTAL VALUES FOR METHANE GENERATION AND CARBON STORAGE .. 98

7.2 FATES OF LANDFILL METHANE: CONVERSION TO CO2, EMISSIONS, AND FLARING OR

COMBUSTION WITH ENERGY RECOVERY 101

7.3 UTILITY CO2 EMISSIONS AVOIDED.. 103

7.4 NET GHG EMISSIONS FROM LANDFILLING 103

7.5 LIMITATIONS.. 103

8. ACCOUNTING FOR EMISSION REDUCTIONS.. 113

8.1 NET GHG EMISSIONS FOR EACH WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION. 113

8.2 APPLYING EMISSION FACTORS .. 115

8.3 OTHER LIFE-CYCLE GHG ANALYSES AND TOOLS.. 118

8.4 OPPORTUNITIES FOR GHG REDUCTIONS 119