| | RADIOACTIVITY IN THE BALTIC SEA 1984 - 1991 |
| | 3,04 | | MB |
| | 187 | | stron |
| | 2482 | | ID | Helsinki Commission |
| | 2000 | | rok |
| | Table of Contents |
| | PREFACE |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| | INTRODUCTION |
| | SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE BALTIC SEA |
| | Fallout |
| | Global Fallout |
| | Sr-90 and Cs-137 Deposition in the Baltic Sea Area |
| | Contents of Sr-90 and Cs- 137 in Soil |
| | Chernobyl Fallout |
| | Source Estimation for Cs-137 Based on Cs-134 Measurements |
| | Source Estimation for Cs-137 Based on Profiles in Seawater in 1986 and from Cs- 137 Increments |
| | in Sediments |
| | River Run-off 13 |
| | 2.2. Discharges from Western European Nuclear Reprocessing Plants 13 |
| | 2.3. Discharges from Nuclear Installations in the Baltic Sea Area 13 |
| | 2.4. Conclusions 17 |
| | References 18 |
| | 3. MONITORING NETWORK |
| | Stations 19 |
| | Measured Parameters 22 |
| | Description of the HELCOM Databases 28 |
| | QUALITY OF DATA |
| | 4.1. Analytical Procedures Used by Laboratories Involved in MORS 30 |
| | 4.1.1. Pretreatment of Marine Samples 30 |
| | 4.1.2. Analytical Methods 31 |
| | 4.1.2.1. Gamma Spectrometry 31 |
| | 4.1.2.2. Radiochemical Determination of Caesium 35 |
| | 4.1.2.3. Radiochemical Determination of Strontium-90 36 |
| | 4.1.2.4. Radiochemical Determination of Transuranium Elements 37 |
| | 4.2. Quality Assurance, Internal and External Checking 40 |
| | 4.3. Intercalibrations Carried out 42 |
| | 4.3.1. Historical Background 42 |
| | 4.3.2. List of Exercises 43 |
| | 4.3.3. Data Treatment 44 |
| | 4.3.4. Discussion 45 |
| | 4.4. Conclusion 57 |
| | References 57 |
| | RADIONUCLIDES IN SEAWATER |
| | Introduction |
| | Origin and Distribution of Radionuclide Concentrations in the Baltic Sea |
| | Temporal Evolution |
| | Inventories in Seawater |
| | References |
| | RADIONUCLIDES IN SEDIMENT AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER |
| | Introduction 69 |
| | Sampling Techniques 69 |
| | Description of Sediment Types 72 |
| | Sedimentation Rates 75 |
| | Activity Concentrations in Sediments and Time Trends 78 |
| | Activity Concentrations in Suspended Particulate Matter 86 |
| | Inventories in Sediments 90 |
| | References 91 |
| | 7. RADIONUCLIDES IN BIOTA |
| | Introduction |
| | Some Important Biota in the Baltic Sea |
| | Species Investigated |
| | Sampling Methods |
| | Radionuclides Studied |
| | 7.2. Fish 99 |
| | 7.2.1. Cs-137 in Fish 99 |
| | 7.2.2. Other Radionuclides in Fish 103 |
| | 7.3. Invertebrates 105 |
| | 7.3.1. Cs- 137 in Invertebrates 105 |
| | 7.3.2. Other Radionuclides in Invertebrates 106 |
| | Algae |
| | Concentration Factors |
| | References 119 |
| | 8. MODELLING THE TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE BALTIC SEA |
| | 8.1. Description of Models 121 |
| | 8.2. Source Terms |
| | 8.3. Model Results for Cs-137 |
| | 8.4. Model Results for Sr-90 140 |
| | 8.5. Conclusions |
| | References |
| | 9. DOSE CALCULATIONS |
| | 9.1. Assumptions Concerning Seafood Consumption 149 |
| | Doses |
| | Individual Dose Rates |
| | Collective Dose Rates and Collective Doses |
| | Comparison with Doses from Natural Radionuclides 156 9.3. |
| | 9.4 Conclusions 156 |
| | References 157 |
| | 10. CONCLUSIONS 159 |
| | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 164 |
| | ANNEX 165 |
| | BALTIC SEA ENVIRONMENT PROCEEDINGS 176 |