| | Recycle and reuse of materials and components from waste |
| | 0,82 | | MB | streams of nuclear fuel cycle facilities |
| | 56 | | stron |
| | 2489 | | ID | International Atomic Energy Agency |
| | 2002 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 |
| | 1.1. Background.. 1 |
| | 1.2. Objectives . 1 |
| | 1.3. Scope 2 |
| | 1.4. Structure of the report. 2 |
| | 2. NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MINIMIZATION OPTIONS.. 3 |
| | 2.1. Nuclear fuel cycle . 3 |
| | 2.2. Waste minimization options 3 |
| | 3. REFINING OF URANIUM. 6 |
| | 3.1. Process description .. 7 |
| | 3.2. Materials used in the process.. 7 |
| | 3.3. Process arisings and options for recycle and reuse.. 8 |
| | 4. URANIUM CONVERSION, ENRICHMENT AND RECONVERSION. 10 |
| | 4.1. Process description 10 |
| | 4.2. Materials used.. 12 |
| | 4.3. Current materials recovery practices 12 |
| | 5. FUEL FABRICATION 15 |
| | 5.1. Process description 15 |
| | 5.2. Materials used.. 15 |
| | 5.3. Options for recycle and reuse .. 16 |
| | 6. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 18 |
| | 6.1. Types of reactors. 18 |
| | 6.2. Materials input. 19 |
| | 6.3. Options for recycle and reuse .. 19 |
| | 7. REPROCESSING .. 22 |
| | 7.1. Process description 22 |
| | 7.2. Materials used in process 22 |
| | 7.3. Options for recycle and reuse .. 24 |
| | 7.3.1. Solvent recovery . 24 |
| | 7.3.2. Nitric acid 24 |
| | 7.3.3. Other recycle opportunities 24 |
| | 8. CENTRALIZED WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES.. 25 |
| | 8.1. Process description 25 |
| | 8.2. Options for recycle and reuse .. 25 |
| | 9. HISTORIC WASTES .. 27 |
| | 9.1. Historic waste processing .. 27 |
| | 9.2. Options for recycle and reuse .. 28 |
| | 10. DECOMMISSIONING 28 |
| | 10.1. Process description 29 |
| | 10.2. Arisings from decommissioning activities 29 |
| | 10.3. Options for recycle and reuse .. 30 |
| | 10.4. Current activities. 31 |
| | 11. FACTORS INFLUENCING RECYCLE AND REUSE ACTIVITIES.. 31 |
| | 11.1. General considerations. 31 |
| | 11.2. Influencing factors . 32 |
| | 11.2.1. Quantities of materials.. 32 |
| | 11.2.2. Technical feasibility 33 |
| | 11.2.3. Release from regulatory control .. 33 |
| | 11.2.4. Cost. 34 |
| | 11.2.5. Availability of disposal facilities. 36 |
| | 11.2.6. National policy . 37 |
| | 11.2.7. Public acceptance 37 |
| | 11.2.8. Hazards and risks. 38 |
| | 11.2.9. Legal/liability. 39 |
| | 11.2.10. Global optimization - full cycle impact 39 |
| | 11.3. Methodology for decision making based on factors influencing recycle and reuse. 39 |
| | 12. CONCLUSIONS. 40 |
| | REFERENCES 43 |
| | CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW.. 47 |