PREDISPOSAL MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIC RADIOACTIVE WASTE

0,63

MB

95

stron

2499

ID

International Atomic Energy Agency

2004

rok

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION . 1

1.1. Objectives 1

1.2. Scope . 2

1.3. Structure . 2

2. ORIGIN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC WASTE . 3

2.1. Solid organic radioactive waste 4

2.1.1. Origins of solid organic radioactive waste . 4

2.1.2. Key characteristics of solid organic radioactive waste 5

2.1.3. Potential hazards posed by solid organic radioactive waste 6

2.2. Liquid organic radioactive waste . 6

2.2.1. Origins of liquid organic radioactive waste 6

2.2.2. Key characteristics of liquid organic radioactive waste 8

2.2.3. Potential hazards posed by liquid organic radioactive waste 8

2.3. Gaseous organic radioactive waste . 8

2.4. Mixed phase organic radioactive waste . 9

3. SELECTION OF A WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY . 10

3.1. Selection criteria 10

3.1.1. Technical criteria 10

3.1.2. Non-technical criteria 11

3.2. Waste management options . 12

3.2.1. Waste minimization and segregation . 13

3.2.2. Continued storage as raw waste . 14

3.2.3. Conversion to a less hazardous form . 14

3.3. Decision making 16

4. INTERIM STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF UNTREATED ORGANIC WASTE 16

4.1. Storage 16

4.1.1. Solid waste 17

4.1.2. Liquid waste 17

4.1.3. Liquid-solid waste mixtures 18

4.2. Transport 19

5. TREATMENT AND CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES . 19

5.1. Non-destructive techniques . 21

5.1.1. Drying and evaporation 21

5.1.2. Distillation . 24

5.1.3. Physical conditioning/separation . 24

5.1.4. Decontamination of organic radioactive solids and liquids . 25

5.1.5. Absorption . 26

5.1.6. Compaction 28

5.1.7. Direct immobilization 30

5.2. Destructive techniques . 34

5.2.1. Conventional incineration 34

5.2.2. Pyrolysis . 44

5.2.3. Alkaline hydrolysis 46

5.2.4. Vitrification 47

5.2.5. Plasma treatment . 48

5.2.6. Molten salt oxidation 52

5.2.7. Electrochemical methods . 53

5.2.8. Direct chemical oxidation 54

5.2.9. Acid digestion 55

5.2.10. Wet oxidation . 55

5.2.11. Advanced oxidation processes 57

5.2.12. Supercritical water oxidation 59

5.2.13. Solvate electron oxidation 60

5.2.14. Biological treatment . 60

5.2.15. Advanced thermochemical treatment process . 61

5.2.16. Microwave treatment 62

5.3. Conditioning of treated and secondary waste 63

5.3.1. Solid waste and residues 63

5.3.2. Liquid secondary waste 63

5.3.3. Sludges 64

5.3.4. Off-gases . 64

6. PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE OF CONDITIONED WASTE FORMS . 70

6.1. Required properties . 70

6.2. Performance in storage . 71

6.3. Performance at disposal 72

7. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL 72

7.1. Quality assurance programme . 73

7.2. Waste acceptance criteria . 74

7.3. Record keeping . 75

7.4. Quality control 75

8. CONCLUSIONS 75

REFERENCES . 79

CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW 87