| | OECD Environmental Outlook |
| | 3,35 | | MB |
| | 308 | | stron |
| | 2530 | | ID | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| | 2001 | | rok |
| | Table of Contents |
| | Section I |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, CONTEXT AND STRUCTURE |
| | Executive Summary 17 |
| | Challenges for the future. 17 |
| | Green lights: proceed with caution 17 |
| | Yellow lights: require further investigation or additional action 18 |
| | Red lights: need to be addressed urgently 18 |
| | Integrity of ecosystems . 21 |
| | Technological change . 21 |
| | De-coupling environmental degradation from economic growth 21 |
| | Policy action: learning from the past 22 |
| | Addressing the social and environmental interface . 23 |
| | Policy packages. 23 |
| | 1. Context and Structure of the Report 27 |
| | 1.1. Objectives and context of the report . 27 |
| | 1.2. Policy context. 27 |
| | 1.3. Sources of information and modelling 30 |
| | 1.4. Identifying the most pressing environmental concerns. 31 |
| | 1.5. Structure and contents of the report 32 |
| | References . 35 |
| | Section II |
| | ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL DRIVERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE |
| | 2. Demographic and Labour Force Developments . 39 |
| | 2.1. Introduction . 39 |
| | 2.2. Population size . 40 |
| | 2.3. Population structure 41 |
| | 2.4. Labour force. 42 |
| | 2.5. Population distribution. 43 |
| | 2.6. Policy issues. 44 |
| | References . 45 |
| | 3. Globalisation, Trade and Investment. 47 |
| | 3.1. Introduction 47 |
| | 3.2. Developments in globalisation, trade and investment 47 |
| | 3.3. Environmental implications of globalisation 52 |
| | 3.4. Policy issues. 54 |
| | References . 56 |
| | 4. Economic Development . 57 |
| | 4.1. Introduction 57 |
| | 4.2. Assumed developments in GDP . 57 |
| | © OECD 2001 |
| | OECD ENVIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK 8 |
| | 4.3. Changes in the composition of production 61 |
| | 4.4. Economic development and environmental pressures 63 |
| | References 65 |
| | 5. Consumption Patterns. 67 |
| | 5.1. Introduction 67 |
| | 5.2. General consumption drivers and trends . 68 |
| | 5.3. Environmental implications of consumption patterns. 71 |
| | 5.4. Policy issues . 72 |
| | References 73 |
| | 6. Technological Change . 75 |
| | 6.1. Introduction 75 |
| | 6.2. Drivers of technological change 76 |
| | 6.3. Technological change: trends and outlook to 2020. 77 |
| | 6.4. Environmental effects of technological change 78 |
| | 6.5. Policy issues . 81 |
| | References 82 |
| | Section III |
| | PRIMARY SECTORS AND NATURAL RESOURCES |
| | 7. Agriculture . 85 |
| | 7.1. Introduction 85 |
| | 7.2. Developments in the agriculture sector . 85 |
| | 7.3. Effects of agricultural production on the environment . 89 |
| | 7.4. Policy options and their potential effects 92 |
| | References 95 |
| | 8. Freshwater 97 |
| | 8.1. Introduction 97 |
| | 8.2. Pressures on freshwater resources . 97 |
| | 8.3. The state of freshwater resources 102 |
| | 8.4. Policy options and their potential effects 104 |
| | References 107 |
| | 9. Fisheries 109 |
| | 9.1. Introduction 109 |
| | 9.2. Developments in the fishery sector . 109 |
| | 9.3. Pressures on fish resources 114 |
| | 9.4. Policy options and their potential effects 115 |
| | References 120 |
| | 10. Forestry 121 |
| | 10.1. Introduction 121 |
| | 10.2. Developments in the forestry sector 122 |
| | 10.3. Environmental effects of forestry sector activities 125 |
| | 10.4. Policy options and their potential effects 128 |
| | References 131 |
| | 11. Biological Diversity 133 |
| | 11.1. Introduction 133 |
| | 11.2. Pressures on biological diversity. 134 |
| | © OECD 2001 |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 |
| | 11.3. Changes in the state of biological diversity 137 |
| | 11.4. Policy options. 139 |
| | References . 142 |
| | Section IV |
| | ENERGY, CLIMATE CHANGE, TRANSPORT AND AIR QUALITY |
| | 12. Energy 145 |
| | 12.1. Introduction 145 |
| | 12.2. Developments in the energy sector . 146 |
| | 12.3. Environmental effects of energy production and use 150 |
| | 12.4. Policy options and their potential effects 152 |
| | References . 156 |
| | 13. Climate Change . 157 |
| | 13.1. Introduction 157 |
| | 13.2. Pressures on the environment: emissions of greenhouse gases 158 |
| | 13.3. The effects of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change 162 |
| | 13.4. Policy options and their potential effects 163 |
| | References . 168 |
| | 14. Transport . 169 |
| | 14.1. Introduction 169 |
| | 14.2. Developments in the transport sector 170 |
| | 14.3. Environmental effects of transport 172 |
| | 14.4. Policy options 177 |
| | References . 181 |
| | 15. Air Quality . 183 |
| | 15.1. Introduction 183 |
| | 15.2. Pressures on air quality . 183 |
| | 15.3. Changes in air quality . 187 |
| | 15.4. Policy options. 191 |
| | References . 193 |
| | Section V |
| | HOUSEHOLDS, SELECTED INDUSTRIES AND WASTE |
| | 16. Households. 197 |
| | 16.1. Introduction 197 |
| | 16.2. Household food consumption . 198 |
| | 16.3. Household energy use . 199 |
| | 16.4. Household water use . 200 |
| | 16.5. Household travel 201 |
| | 16.6. Household waste generation . 202 |
| | 16.7. Policy options. 203 |
| | References . 206 |
| | 17. The Steel Industry. 207 |
| | 17.1. Introduction 207 |
| | 17.2. Developments in the steel sector. 207 |
| | 17.3. Environmental effects from the steel industry 210 |
| | 17.4. Policy options and their potential effects 212 |
| | References . 214 |
| | © OECD 2001 |
| | OECD ENVIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK 10 |
| | 18. The Pulp and Paper Industry 215 |
| | 18.1. Introduction 215 |
| | 18.2. Developments in the pulp and paper industry . 215 |
| | 18.3. Environmental effects of pulp and paper production and use . 218 |
| | 18.4. Policy options and their potential effects 220 |
| | References 222 |
| | 19. The Chemicals Industry 223 |
| | 19.1. Introduction 223 |
| | 19.2. Developments in the chemicals industry. 224 |