Impacts of Changing Land Use - SOLEC 96

1,76

MB

130

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2566

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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

1998

rok

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments vi

1.0 Overview, Findings, and Conclusions . 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Brief History of Land Use 2

1.3 Trends in Land Use 3

1.3.1 Urban and Rural Development Land Uses 3

1.3.2 Industrial Land Uses 4

1.3.3 Agricultural Land Uses 6

1.4 Land-Use Concerns 7

1.4.1 Nearshore Development . 7

1.4.2 Urban Sprawl . 7

1.4.3 Brownfields 8

1.4.4 Conversion of Farmland . 8

1.4.5 Local Land-Use Decisions and Regional Impact . 9

1.4.6 "Hardening" of the Landscape and Stream Degradation 9

1.4.7 Auto and Truck Transportation . 10

1.4.8 Agricultural Land Management . 10

1.5 Indicators . 11

1.6 Findings and Conclusions . 13

2.0 Land Use and Its Impacts . 14

2.1 Development 14

2.1.1 Coastal Population and Development . 15

2.1.2 The Advancing Urban Frontier . 16

2.2 The Trend to Sprawl . 17

2.2.1 Land-Use Planning 18

2.3 Changing Urban Structure and the Benefits of Renewal . 20

2.3.1 Changing Urban Structure . 20

2.3.2 The Economics of Urban Form . 22

2.3.3 Industrial Restructuring and Industry Relocation 22

2.3.4 The Benefits of Renewal 23

2.4 Industrial and Municipal Activity . 24

2.4.1 Wastewater and Stormwater Treatment Discharges 25

2.4.2 Industrial Water Use and Discharges . 26

2.4.3 Air Discharges . 27

2.4.4 Opportunities and Challenges 27

2.5 Transportation . 28

2.5.1 Pollution Issues and Solutions 29

2.6 Agriculture 31

2.6.1 Soil Erosion and Sedimentation . 32

2.6.2 Pesticide Use . 33

2.6.3 Manure Management 33

3.0 Lake By Lake Perspective . 34

3.1 Hydrologic and Natural Features . 34

3.2 Land Use . 37

3.3 Land Use Trends and Their Impacts . 39

3.4 Key Future Issues . 47

4.0 Case Studies of Best Practices, Trends, and Issues . 50

4.1 Farmland Conversion: A Major Issue for the Basin 50

4.2 Planning for Sustainable Growth in Cottage Country: Tay Township . 53

4.3 Dredging and Confined Disposal Facilities 56

4.4 Redevelopment of Cobourg Harbourfront . 63

4.5 Watershed-based Planning and Innovative Land Use in Northwest Michigan . 65

4.6 Planning North Aldershot Development . 71

5.0 Land-Use Planning Across the Border 74

5.1 Binational . 74

5.2 United States 75

5.2.1 The Framework . 75

5.2.2 Planning Roles and Responsibilities 80

5.2.3 Tools and Techniques 84

5.3 Canada . 91

5.3.1 The Framework . 91

5.3.2 Planning Roles and Responsibilities 94

5.3.3 Tools and Techniques . 101

5.4 Conclusions 104

5.4.1 Background 104

5.4.2 Extending the Tool Kit 104

5.4.3 The Challenge for the Future 105

6.0 References . 107