| | THE ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING IN HAZARDOUS WASTE IN ITALY AND |
| | 1,84 | | MB | SPAIN |
| | 93 | | stron |
| | 2569 | | ID | Legambiente Direzione Nazionale |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | INTRODUCTION11 |
| | Methodology and sources 11 |
| | Box 1: Summary of the research protocol . 12 |
| | The report . 12 |
| | Box 2: Summary of project activities . 13 |
| | SECTION I: THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME PHENOMENON: AN INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW . |
| | 15 |
| | 1.1. Environmental crime: the phenomenon . 15 |
| | 1.1.1. The geopolitics of hazardous waste trafficking: the North-South route15 |
| | 1.2. The role of organized crime and other legal and illegal actors . 16 |
| | Box 3: Ecomafia 17 |
| | References. 17 |
| | SECTION II: THE PHENOMENON OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TRAFFICKING IN ITALY. 19 |
| | Introduction . 19 |
| | Methodology and sources 19 |
| | 1. THE PHENOMENON . 20 |
| | 1.1. A short overview of the illegal market. 20 |
| | Box 4: Definitions . 21 |
| | 1.2. The three phases of waste trafficking . 22 |
| | 1.2.1. Origin: the role of waste producers in waste trafficking 22 |
| | 1.2.2. The transit phase: illegal transport and storage activities 23 |
| | 1.2.3. Destination sites: illegal dumping and the final stage of the illegal cycle 23 |
| | 1.3. Social profile and geography of trafficking . 24 |
| | 1.3.1. Main types of traffickers 24 |
| | 1.3.2. Main trafficking routes . 25 |
| | References. 26 |
| | 2. ITALIAN LEGISLATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME AND ILLEGALWASTE TRAFFICKING . |
| | 28 |
| | 2.1. Italian legislation on waste materials before the 'Decreto Ronchi' (Ronchi Decree) 28 |
| | 2.2. Decreto Ronchi 22/97 and ministerial decrees that put it into effect 28 |
| | 2.3. The new definition of waste 29 |
| | 2.4. The system of sanctions before art. 53 bis of Ronchi Decree 29 |
| | 2.5. The new crime of organizing the illegal trafficking of waste materials (art. 53 bis of the Ronchi |
| | decree) 31 |
| | 3. LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES AND THE FIGHT AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES. 33 |
| | 3.1. Data on law enforcement activities in Italy dealing with the cycle of waste materials (1998 - |
| | 2002) 34 |
| | References. 35 |
| | 4. CASE STUDIES OF ILLEGAL TRAFFIC IN HAZARDOUS WASTE37 |
| | Trash 37 |
| | Cassiopea . 39 |
| | Greenland . 43 |
| | Murgia violata46 |
| | Banda Bassotti . 49 |
| | Box 5: Mar Rosso . 52 |
| | 5. FINAL REMARKS . 54 |
| | About the Authors 57 |
| | Acknowledgments 57 |
| | SECTION III: THE PHENOMENON OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TRAFFICKING IN SPAIN 59 |
| | 1. METHODOLOGY, RESEARCH PROTOCOL AND SOURCES 59 |
| | 1.1 Methodology. 59 |
| | 1.2 Research protocol. 59 |
| | 1.3 Information Sources . 59 |
| | 2. OVERVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME PHENOMENON IN SPAIN . 61 |
| | Box 6: The case of Spanish toxic waste in Turkey . 62 |
| | References 63 |
| | 3. THE NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 64 |
| | 3.1 Judicial protection of the environment in Spain . 64 |
| | 3.2 Ley 10/1998, de 21 de abril, de Residuos 64 |
| | 3.2.1. The legal concepts of waste and hazardous waste 64 |
| | 3.2.2. Distribution of responsibilities. 64 |
| | 3.2.3. Wastes entering and leaving national territory . 65 |
| | 3.2.4. Rules on hazardous waste production and management . 65 |
| | 3.2.5. Administrative responsibility and sanctions65 |
| | 3.2.6. Legal exceptions 65 |
| | 3.3. Radioactive waste. 65 |
| | 3.4. List of basic waste legislation in Spain 66 |
| | 3.4.1 National legislation66 |
| | 3.4.2. Local legislation 66 |
| | 4. PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTE IN SPAIN, |
| | 2000 67 |
| | 4.1. Industrial waste 67 |
| | 4.1.1. Industrial waste generation . 67 |
| | 4.1.2. Industrial waste management . 68 |
| | 4.2 Hazardous waste . 69 |
| | 4.2.1. Hazardous waste production 70 |
| | 4.2.2. Hazardous waste treatment capacity . 70 |
| | 4.2.3. Hazardous waste movements among autonomous communities 71 |
| | 4.2.4. Trans-national hazardous waste movements . 71 |
| | 4.2.5. Estimation of the potential for illicit waste management: the concept of 'waste accumulation |
| | rate' 72 |
| | 4.3 Radioactive wastes74 |
| | 4.3.1. Nuclear facilities 74 |
| | 4.3.2. Radioactive facilities . 74 |
| | 4.3.3. Administrative organization 74 |
| | 4.3.4. Radioactive waste production and management 74 |
| | 4.3.4.1. Low and medium activity waste . 74 |
| | 4.3.4.2. Management of waste fuel and high activity waste. 75 |
| | References. 75 |
| | 5. LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND INVESTIGATION 76 |
| | 5.1. Law enforcement activities . 76 |
| | 5.2. Trends in environmental crime 76 |
| | 6. CASE STUDIES OF ILLEGAL TRAFFIC IN HAZARDOUS AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE 80 |
| | La Cantera . 80 |
| | Puzol 82 |
| | Getafe 84 |
| | Scrap metal 86 |
| | 7. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS 89 |
| | About the Authors 90 |
| | Acknowledgments 90 |
| | SECTION IV: CONCLUSIONS 91 |
| | COMPARATIVE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 91 |
| | References. 93 |
| | RISK INDICATORS, BEST PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 93 |