EU Environmental Policy Handbook: A Critical Analysis of EU

1,63

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Environmental Legislation - Making it accessible to

343

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environmentalists and decision makers

2608

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European Environmental Bureau

2005

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Contents

Foreword .3

I. Introduction.7

II. Executive Summary11

III. EU Environmental Policies: A short history of the policy strategies..17

IV. Setting the objectives, targets and timetables: Sectoral legislation 31

IV.1 Introduction .32

IV.2 Nature .36

IV.2.1 Introduction36

IV.2.2 Birds Directive and Habitats Directive37

IV.2.3 Natura 2000.40

IV.2.4 Implementation deficits and link with other environmental legislation41

IV.2.5 Way forward and the role of ECOs (Environmental Citizens' Organisations)43

IV.3 Air.46

IV.3.1 Introduction47

IV.3.2 The overarching EU environmental and health objectives for clean air 49

IV.3.3 The air quality Directives: the Framework Directive on ambient air quality assessment and

the four Daughter Directives..50

IV.3.4 National emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants45 ..60

IV.3.5 Road vehicles65

IV.3.6 Large Combustion Plants.70

IV.4 Waste77

IV.4.1 Introduction - Waste facts ..79

IV.4.2 Legal and policy context of EU waste policy 81

IV.4.3 Voluntary Instruments 105

IV.4.4 Standardisation (see also chapter V.4.5) ..106

IV.4.5 Taxes and charges .107

IV.4.6 Waste Policy today and tomorrow - New approach in the 2005 Strategy?108

IV.4.7 Implementation and decision-making .111

IV.4.8 Links and crossovers with other EU legislation 113

IV.4.9 Tips for ECO action (Environmental Citizens' Organisation)116

IV.4.10The Court of Justice on important waste cases..119

IV.5 Water 125

IV.5.1 Introduction and Summary.126

IV.5.2 State of the aquatic environment in Europe128

IV.5.3 From 1975 to the WFD in 2000 (see also chapter IV.5.7) 129

IV.5.4 Implementation deficits and way forward130

IV.5.5 Environmental objectives under the Water Framework Directive WFD..131

IV.5.6 Tools and measures under the WFD.142

IV.5.7 The WFD - a new umbrella for environmental laws.146

IV.5.8 Assessment of the WFD.151

IV.5.9 Outlook and ECO action (Environmental Citizens' Organisation) 152

V. Horizontal legislation - providing tools to achieve environmental objectives.157

V.1 Introduction158

V.2 Public Involvement in Environmental Decision-Making160

V.2.1 Introduction160

V.2.2 The Aarhus "Public Participation" Convention161

V.2.3 Public Information on Pollution - Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (PRTRs)..167

V.3 Environmental Measures on Production, Planning and Management ..172

V.3.1 Introduction174

V.3.2 IPPC-Directive..175

V.3.3 Environmental Liability - first step towards "Making the polluters pay"..197

V.3.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Directive208

V.3.5 Environmental Impact Assessment.228

V.3.6 Environmental Management and Audit Scheme 247

V.4 Product Policy.258

V.4.1 Introduction .261

V.4.2 The EU Ecolabel - the 'Flower' .263

V.4.3 Integrated Product Policy ..276

V.4.4 The Ecodesign framework for energy using products (EuP) Directive 282

V.4.5 New Approach and Standardisation .289

V.4.6 Chemicals and Pesticides Regulations ..306

V.4.7 Motor fuels and environmentally relevant legislation 323

VI. Environmental Legislation - information on structure, implementation and enforcement..333

VII. Authors..337

Key words..341