| | Judicial handbook on Environmental Law |
| | 2,01 | | MB |
| | 146 | | stron |
| | 2611 | | ID | United Nations Environment Programme |
| | 2005 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | Message III |
| | Foreword V |
| | Table of Contents VII |
| | Table of Boxes XI |
| | Table of Abbreviations XII |
| | Table of Cases XIII |
| | Table of International Instruments XVI |
| | Introduction -- Judges and Environmental Law XVII |
| | PART A GENERAL FRAMEWORK 3 |
| | Chapter 1. What is Environmental Law? 3 |
| | 1.1 Introduction 4 |
| | 1.2 Meaning of “Environment” 4 |
| | 1.3 Foundations of Environmental Law 4 |
| | 1.3.1 Religious traditions 5 |
| | 1.3.2 Traditional communities 5 |
| | 1.4 The sources of Environmental Law 6 |
| | 1.4.1 National law 6 |
| | 1.4.2 International law 12 |
| | Chapter 2. Basic Principles of Environmental Protection 19 |
| | 2.1 Introduction 19 |
| | 2.2 Prevention 20 |
| | 2.3 Precaution 21 |
| | 2.4 Polluter Pays 22 |
| | 2.5 Environmental Justice and Equity 23 |
| | 2.5.1 Environmental justice generally 23 |
| | 2.5.2 Public trust 23 |
| | Chapter 3. Environmental Rights 27 |
| | 3.1 Introduction 27 |
| | 3.2 Right to Information 27 |
| | 3.2.1 National law 27 |
| | 3.2.2 International law 28 |
| | 3.3 Public Participation 29 |
| | 3.3.1 National law 29 |
| | 3.3.2 International law 29 |
| | 3.4 Access to Justice 30 |
| | 3.5 Environmental Quality 30 |
| | 3.5.1 National law 30 |
| | 3.5.2 International law 31 |
| | Chapter 4. Common Legal Mechanisms of Environmental Protection 33 |
| | 4.1 Introduction 33 |
| | 4.2 Prohibiting and Restricting Activities and Substances 33 |
| | 4.2.1 Polluting activities 33 |
| | 4.2.2 Use of biological resources 34 |
| | 4.3 Product and Process Standards 34 |
| | 4.3.1 Process standards 34 |
| | 4.3.2 Product standards 34 |
| | 4.3.3 Emission standards 35 |
| | 4.3.4 Ambient quality standards 35 |
| | 4.4 Prior Licensing and Permits 36 |
| | 4.4.1 National law 36 |
| | 4.4.2 International law 37 |
| | 4.5 Prior Informed Consent 38 |
| | 4.6 Environmental Impact Assessment 38 |
| | 4.7 Land Use Regulation 40 |
| | 4.7.1 National and international regulations 40 |
| | 4.7.2 Land use regulations and property rights 40 |
| | Chapter 5. Litigation 43 |
| | 5.1 Introduction 43 |
| | 5.2 Jurisdiction 43 |
| | 5.2.1 Locus standi 43 |
| | 5.2.2 Subject matter jurisdiction 46 |
| | 5.2.3 Timeliness 46 |
| | 5.2.4 Forum non conveniens 47 |
| | 5.3 Pre-trial Issues 48 |
| | 5.3.1 Dispute settlement generally 48 |
| | 5.3.2 Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) 48 |
| | 5.3.3 Case management 49 |
| | 5.3.4 Provisional or interim remedial measures 50 |
| | 5.4 Trials 50 |
| | 5.4.1 Rules of procedure 50 |
| | 5.4.2 Evidentiary proof and standards of review 50 |
| | 5.4.3 Scientific uncertainty 51 |
| | 5.4.4 Choice of law 52 |
| | Chapter 6. Remedies and Enforcement 53 |
| | 6.1 Introduction 53 |
| | 6.2 Injunctions 54 |
| | 6.3 Damages 55 |
| | 6.4 Restitution and Remediation 56 |
| | 6.5 Sanctions and Penalties 56 |
| | 6.6 Attorneys’ Fees and Costs 61 |
| | 6.7 Enforcement of Judicial Decisions 62 |
| | PART B PRINCIPAL AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW |
| | Chapter 7. Water 65 |
| | 7.1 Introduction 65 |
| | 7.2 Freshwater 65 |
| | 7.2.1 National law 66 |
| | 7.2.2 International law: transboundary water resources 68 |
| | 7.2.3 Water regulation and courts 69 |
| | 7.3 Marine Ecosystems 70 |
| | 7.3.1 Marine pollution 70 |
| | 7.3.2 Protection of marine living resources 73 |
| | 7.3.3 Courts and the marine environment 76 |
| | Chapter 8. Air 79 |
| | 8.1 Introduction 79 |
| | 8.2 Air Pollution 79 |
| | 8.2.1 National law 79 |
| | 8.2.2 International law 81 |
| | 8.3 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 82 |
| | 8.3.1 Ozone measures 82 |
| | 8.3.2 National law 83 |
| | 8.4 Global Climate Change 83 |
| | 8.4.1 National law 84 |
| | 8.4.2 International law 84 |
| | Chapter 9. Soil 87 |
| | 9.1 Introduction 87 |
| | 9.2 National Law and the Courts 87 |
| | 9.3 International Law 87 |
| | 9.3.1 Desertification 88 |
| | 9.3.2 Alpine soil treaty 88 |
| | Chapter 10. Biological Diversity and Nature Conservation 91 |
| | 10.1 Introduction 91 |
| | 10.2 Protecting Biodiversity 92 |
| | 10.2.1 National law 92 |
| | 10.2.2 International law 93 |
| | 10.3 Migratory Species 94 |
| | 10.3.1 National law 94 |
| | 10.3.2 International law 94 |
| | 10.4 Trade in Endangered Species 95 |
| | 10.4.1 National law 96 |
| | 10.4.2 International law 97 |
| | 10.5 Habitat Protection (including Wetlands) 98 |
| | 10.5.1 National law 98 |
| | 10.5.2 International law 100 |
| | 10.6 Biotechnology and Living Modified Organisms 101 |
| | 10.6.1 National law 101 |
| | 10.6.2 International law 103 |
| | Chapter 11. Agriculture and Forestry 105 |
| | 11.1 Introduction 105 |
| | 11.2 National Law 105 |
| | 11.3 International law 106 |
| | Chapter 12. Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage 109 |
| | 12.1 Introduction 109 |
| | 12.2 National Law 110 |
| | 12.3 Cultural Heritage Sites and the Courts 111 |
| | 12.4 International Law 111 |
| | Chapter 13. Noise 115 |
| | 13.1 Introduction 115 |
| | 13.2 National Law 115 |
| | 13.3 Noise and the Courts 116 |
| | 13.4 International Law 117 |
| | Chapter 14. Transportation 119 |
| | 14.1 Introduction 119 |
| | 14.2 National Law 119 |
| | 14.3 Transportation and the Courts 120 |
| | 14.4 International Law 120 |