Bioindicators Suitable for Monitoring POPs in Developing

2,69

MB

Countries

134

stron

2615

ID

Center for Marine Environmental Studies

2003

rok

Chapter 1 - Introduction

1.1. Profile .. 1

1.1.1. Overview .. 1

1.1.2. Purpose of This Review. 2

1.1.3. Structure of the Review . 2

1.2. POPs - An Overview 3

1.2.1. Environmental Contamination by POPs 3

1.2.2. Effects of POPs on Animal Communities 7

1.3. Bioindicators - Concept and Definition . 9

1.3.1. Need for Bioindicator Studies 9

1.3.2. What are Bioindicators ? .11

1.3.3. Essential Characteristics for a Bioindicator of POPs .. 12

1.4. References .. 15

Chapter 2 - Mussels as Bioindicators of POPs

2.1. Introduction 21

2.1.1. Mussel Watch 21

2.1.2. Why Mussels are Preferred Bioindicator Organisms .. 22

2.2. Factors Affecting POPs Accumulation in Bivalves 24

2.2.1. Lipid Levels and Lipid Composition 24

2.2.2. Species Differences .. 25

2.2.3. Natural Factors 26

2.2.4. Seasonality. 27

2.2.5. Age and Body Size 28

2.2.6. Uptake from Different Fractions 29

2.2.7. Metabolism 30

2.3. Studies on POPs Monitoring Using Bivalve Mollusks 30

2.4. Transplantation Experiments Using Bivalve Mollusks 35

2.5. Conclusion.. 36

2.6. References .. 38

Chapter 3 - Squids as Bioindicators of POPs

3.1. Introduction 42

3.2. Pollutant Studies on Squids 42

3.3. Squids as Bioindicators of POPs Pollution 43

3.4. Conclusion.. 45

3.5. References .. 46

Chapter 4 - Fish as Bioindicators of POPs

4.1. Introduction 48

4.2. Bioaccumulation Mechanisms of POPs in Fishes .. 49

4.3. Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation of POPs in Fish. 49

4.4. Biomonitoring Studies of POPs Using Fish .. 53

4.5. Conclusion.. 61

4.6. References .. 62

Chapter 5 - Birds and as Bioindicators of POPs

5.1. Introduction 68

5.2. Factors Affecting POPs Accumulation in Birds .. 70

5.2.1. Migration 70

5.2.2. Feeding Habits. 71

5.2.3. Metabolism 73

5.2.4. Reproduction and Male - Female Differences 75

5.2.5. Tissue Specific Accumulation . 76

5.3. Recent Studies on POPs Using Birds as Bioindicators 77

5.4. Conclusion.. 81

5.5. References .. 82

Chapter 6 - Marine Mammals as Bioindicators of POPs

6.1. Introduction 88

6.2. Factors Affecting POPs Accumulation in Marine Mammals 90

6.2.1. Tissue Distribution. 90

6.2.2. Age Trend .. 91

6.2.3. Male - Female Differences 91

6.2.4. Geographical Variation and Migration Pattern 93

6.2.5. Feeding Habits. 94

6.2.6. Metabolism 95

6.3. Recent Studies Using Marine Mammals as Bioindicators of POPs .. 96

6.4. Limitations on Using Marine Mammals as Bioindicators of POPs 99

6.5. Conclusion 100

6.6. References 100

Chapter 7 - Human Tissues and Organs as Bioindicators of POPs

7.1. Introduction . 106

7.2. Factors Affecting the Levels of POPs in Human.. 106

7.2.1. Exposure .. 106

7.2.2. Age.. 108

7.2.3. Male-Feamle Differences 109

7.2.4. Metabolism and Excretion110

7.2.5. Accumulation in different organs .111

7.3. Recent Studies Using Human Tissues as Bioindicators of POPs ..111

7.3.1. Studies on Spatial Variations ..111

7.3.2. Studies on Temporal Variation114

7.3.3. Levels of OCs in Some Migrant Groups ..115

7.4. Conclusion.116

7.5. References .117

Chapter 8 - Conclusions and Recommendations

8.1. Introduction . 123

8.2. Conclusions . 124

8.2.1. Mussels . 125

8.2.2. Squids 125

8.2.3. Fish . 125

8.2.4. Birds .. 126

8.2.5. Marine Mammals. 126

8.2.6. Human .. 126

8.3. Recommendations 127

8.4. References 129