| | THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL |
| | 0,48 | | MB | AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN EECCA |
| | 100 | | stron |
| | 2622 | | ID | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 4 |
| | Background 4 |
| | The system and types of economic instruments 4 |
| | Main recommendations for reform.. 5 |
| | 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION . 8 |
| | 1.1 Background information. 8 |
| | 1.2 Objectives and purpose of the review . 8 |
| | 1.3 Process of the review development .. 9 |
| | 1.4 Acknowledgements 10 |
| | 2. RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND INTERNATIONAL |
| | EXPERIENCE 12 |
| | 2.1 Advantages of using economic instruments .. 12 |
| | 2.2 Types of economic instruments 13 |
| | 2.3 Trends in the use of economic instruments in OECD and Central and Eastern European |
| | Countries 15 |
| | 2.4 Evaluation criteria for economic instruments 19 |
| | 3. USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN EECCA 21 |
| | 3.1 Introduction .. 21 |
| | 3.2 Main types of economic instruments. 21 |
| | 3.3 Revenue from economic instruments .. 24 |
| | 3.3.1 Revenue from pollution charges 24 |
| | 3.3.2 Revenue from product charges .. 24 |
| | 3.3.3 Revenue natural resource taxes and charges 25 |
| | 4. POLLUTION CHARGES 26 |
| | 4.1 The principal features of the pollution charge system. 26 |
| | 4.2 Pollution charge rates .. 28 |
| | 4.3 Revenue from pollution charges. 33 |
| | 4.4 Key issues related to the effectiveness of pollution charges 34 |
| | 4.4.1 Low rates of pollution charges .. 35 |
| | 4.4.2 The method for determining the due pollution charges . 38 |
| | 4.4.3 Implementation and enforcement issues 38 |
| | 5. PRODUCT CHARGES AND TAXES.. 40 |
| | 5.1 Environmental product charges/taxes . 40 |
| | 5.1.1 Environmentally harmful products .. 41 |
| | 5.1.2 Fiscal product charges/taxes 41 |
| | 5.2 Administrative issues related to product charges/taxes.. 43 |
| | 6. OTHER ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN USE IN EECCA.. 45 |
| | 6.1 Deposit-refund systems .. 45 |
| | 6.2 User charges 46 |
| | 6.2.1. Water supply and wastewater collection/treatment 46 |
| | 6.2 2. Solid waste charges. 48 |
| | 6.3 Environmental liability.. 48 |
| | 7. CHARGES/TAXES FOR NATURAL RESOURCE USE/EXTRACTION.. 50 |
| | 7.1 Incentives and payments for natural resource use/extraction.. 50 |
| | 7.1.1 Economic instruments related to use of water resources .. 51 |
| | 7.1.2 Mineral resources and hydrocarbons extraction 53 |
| | 7.1.3 Payments for forest use.. 54 |
| | 7.2 Nature and biodiversity .. 55 |
| | 8. DIRECTIONS FOR REFORM OF THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS IN EECCA. 56 |
| | 8.1 Key findings from the survey.. 56 |
| | 8.1.1 Pollution, product and user charges. 56 |
| | 8.1.2 Natural resources taxes and charges 57 |
| | 8.1.3. Revenue and earmarking . 57 |
| | 8.2 Specific issues related to use of economic instruments in transition economies .. 57 |
| | 8.2.1 Policy framework . 58 |
| | 8.2.2 Administrative framework and capacity 61 |
| | 8.2.3 Market features .. 61 |
| | REFERENCES .. 63 |
| | REFERENCES .. 64 |
| | APPENDIX 1: BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC DATA FOR EECCA COUNTRIES, 1998 |
| | AND 2001. 65 |
| | APPENDIX 2: REVENUES FROM POLLUTION CHARGES AND NATURAL RESOURCES |
| | PAYMENTS, EECCA COUNTRIES 1998 AND 2001. 67 |
| | APPENDIX 3: POLLUTION CHARGE RATES, EECCA COUNTRIES 1998 AND 2002 . 71 |
| | APPENDIX 4: USER CHARGES, EECCA CAPITALS, 1998 AND 2001 73 |
| | APPENDIX 5: SUMMARY TABLES ON TAXES/CHARGES FOR NATURAL RESOURCE |
| | USE/EXTRACTION, EECCA COUNTRIES. 76 |
| | APPENDIX 6. MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND |
| | POLICIES IN EECCA 93 |