ENHANCED IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL

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ENVIRONMENTAL TREATIES BY JUDICIARY - ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN

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INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW FOR INDIVIDUALS AND

NGOS: EFFICACIOUS ENFORCEMENT BY THE PERMANENT COURT OF

ARBITRATION

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Institute of Public International Law and Comparative Public Law

2005

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I INTRODUCTION

At present an environmental crisis looms large. Two main interrelated causes can be identified: a

continuing environmental degradation and a lack of respect for the law1 going hand in hand with a

changed approach to ethical and moral values.

Recent monitoring and data-collection systems evidence the increasing, frightening amount of

threats and damages to the environment with global, transboundary and national deleterious

effects.2 Although the endeavours on the national and international level to avoid and prevent

environmental risks and infringements have intensified since Rio 1992, alas the object has not been

achieved adequately. This negative result was also stated by the UN Millennium Declaration of

September 20003 and confirmed again by the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable

Development in September 2002.