Hybrids for road transport: Status and prospects of hybrid

1,57

MB

technology and the regeneration of energy in road vehicles

134

stron

2667

ID

JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies

2005

rok

Table of contents

Executive summary .. i

1 Introduction .. 1

2 Energy saving aspects.. 2

2.1 Efficiency gains 2

2.2 Impact of driving conditions . 7

2.3 Impact of fuel and combustion technology 9

2.4 Emissions . 11

3 Economic aspects and market penetration.. 12

3.1 Hybridisation costs.. 12

3.2 Market potential 14

4 Life cycle analysis .. 18

4.1 Extra Components 18

4.2 Batteries 20

4.3 Life Cycle Energy Use & GHG Emissions. 21

5 Technological issues.. 25

5.1 Synergies with fuel cells development and other indirect benefits . 25

5.2 Strategies of European and international manufacturers.. 27

5.3 Disadvantages from the use of hybrid technologies 30

5.4 Inventory of hybrid vehicles .. 31

6 Conclusions 32

7 References .. 34

Annex 1: Contributors to the study and workshop participants . 36

Annex 2: Technological options for hybrid vehicles and energy regeneration in road transport 38

Annex 3: Potential energy efficiency gains and main limiting factors 60

Annex 4: Efficiency gains under different driving conditions 78

Annex 5: Future cost outlook .. 96

Annex 6: Resource use for hybrids' components 103