General technical guidelines for the environmentally sound

0,46

MB

management of wastes consisting of, containing or

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stron

contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

2689

ID

BASEL ACTION NETWORK

2006

rok

Contents

I. Introduction 7

A. Scope 7

B. About POPs 8

II. Relevant provisions of the Basel and Stockholm conventions 8

A. Basel Convention 8

1. General provisions 8

2. POPs-related provisions 9

(a) PCBs, PCTs and PBBs 10

(c) PCDDs and PCDFs 10

B. Stockholm Convention 12

1. General provisions 12

2. Waste-related provisions 12

III. Issues under the Stockholm Convention to be addressed cooperatively with the Basel

Convention 13

A. Low POP content 13

B. Levels of destruction and irreversible transformation 14

C. Methods that constitute environmentally sound disposal 15

IV. Guidance on environmentally sound management (ESM) 15

A. General considerations 15

1. Basel Convention 15

2. Stockholm Convention 16

3. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 16

B. Legislative and regulatory framework 17

1. Phase-out dates for production and use of POPs 17

2. Transboundary movement requirements 17

3. Specifications for containers, equipment, bulk containers and storage sites containing POPs 18

4. Health and safety 18

5. Specification of acceptable analytical and sampling methods for POPs 18

6. Requirements for hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities 19

7. General requirement for public participation 19

8. Contaminated sites 19

9. Other legislative controls 19

C. Waste prevention and minimization 19

D. Identification and inventories 20

1. Identification 20

2. Inventories 21

E. Sampling, analysis and monitoring 22

1. Sampling 23

2. Analysis 24

3. Monitoring 24

F. Handling, collection, packaging, labelling, transportation and storage 25

1. Handling 25

2. Collection 26

3. Packaging 26

4. Labelling 27

5. Transportation 27

6. Storage 27

G. Environmentally sound disposal 28

1. Pre-treatment 28

(a) Adsorption and absorption 29

(b) Dewatering 29

(c) Mechanical separation 29

(d) Mixing 29

(e) Oil-water separation 29

(f) pH adjustment 29

(g) Size reduction 29

(h) Solvent washing 30

(i) Thermal desorption 30

2. Destruction and irreversible transformation methods 30

(a) Alkali metal reduction 30

(b) Base catalysed decomposition (BCD) 32

(c) Catalytic hydro-dechlorination (CHD) 34

(d) Cement kiln co-incineration 35

(e) Gas phase chemical reduction (GPCR) 36

(f) Hazardous waste incineration 38

(g) Photo-chemical dechlorination (PCD) and catalytic dechlorination (CD) reaction 39

(h) Plasma arc 40

(i) Potassium tert-Butoxide (t-BuOK) method 41

(j) Super-critical water oxidation (SCWO) and subcritical water oxidation 42

3. Other disposal methods when destruction or irreversible transformation does not represent the

environmentally preferable option 43

(a) Specially engineered landfill 44

(b) Permanent storage in underground mines and formations 44

4. Other disposal methods when the POP content is low 45

H. Remediation of contaminated sites 45

1. Contaminated site identification 45

2. Environmentally sound remediation 46

I. Health and safety 46

1. Higher risk situations 46

2. Lower risk situations 47

J. Emergency response 48

K. Public participation 48

Annex I 50

International instruments 50

Annex II 51

Examples of pertinent national legislation 51

Annex III 53

Selected analytical methods for POPs 53

Annex IV 56

Economics of destruction and irreversible transformation methods 56

Annex V 58

References 58