| | Final Report for the Assessment of the air emissions impact of |
| | 7,44 | | MB | emerging technologies |
| | 169 | | stron |
| | 2701 | | ID | University of Karlsruhe |
| | 2005 | | rok |
| | FOREWORD 9 |
| | 1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 10 |
| | 1.1. FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY . 10 |
| | 1.2. "EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES" - A DEFINITION 10 |
| | 1.3. WORK PACKAGES 13 |
| | 2. WORK PACKAGE 1: ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED SECTORS. 14 |
| | 2.1. INTRODUCTION. 14 |
| | 2.2. OVERVIEW OF EMISSION INVENTORIES. 15 |
| | 2.2.1. EPER (European Pollutant Emission Register) 15 |
| | 2.2.2. EMEP/CORINAIR. 18 |
| | 2.2.3. UNECE/EMEP 19 |
| | 2.2.4. NEC 19 |
| | 2.2.5. UNFCCC. 19 |
| | 2.2.6. CEPMEIP 20 |
| | 2.2.7. RAINS 20 |
| | 2.2.8. Assessment of emission inventories with respect to WP 1. 20 |
| | 2.3. DETERMINATION OF IMPORTANT POLLUTANT-INDUSTRIAL SECTOR COMBINATIONS 21 |
| | |
| | 2.3.1. NOx . 21 |
| | 2.3.2. SOx 22 |
| | 2.3.3. PM 23 |
| | 2.3.4. VOC 24 |
| | 2.3.5. CO2 . 25 |
| | 2.3.6. CO 26 |
| | 2.3.7. NH3 . 27 |
| | 2.3.8. N2O. 28 |
| | 2.3.9. CH4 . 29 |
| | 2.3.10. POPs. 30 |
| | 2.3.11. Heavy Metals. 31 |
| | 2.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. 32 |
| | 3. WORK PACKAGE 2: IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF PROMISING EMERGING |
| | TECHNOLOGIES THAT COULD GAIN RELEVANT MARKET SHARES IN THE COMING YEARS |
| | FOR EACH SECTOR 34 |
| | 3.1. INTRODUCTION. 34 |
| | 3.1.1. Objectives 34 |
| | 3.1.2. Collection of information on emerging technologies i.w.s 35 |
| | 3.1.3. Sectoral lists of candidate technologies i.w.s. . 36 |
| | 3.1.4. Description of the fact sheets on emerging technologies 37 |
| | 3.1.5. Presentation of data in a database: ECODAT plus 37 |
| | 3.2. TECHNOLOGIES I.W.S. CONSIDERED AS EMERGING, PROMISING AND RELEVANT |
| | WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THIS PROJECT 38 |
| | 3.2.1. NH3 . 39 |
| | 3.2.2. NOx . 39 |
| | 3.2.3. PM (PM2.5, PM10, TSP) 41 |
| | 3.2.4. SO2 42 |
| | 3.2.5. VOC 43 |
| | 3.2.6. CO2 . 44 |
| | 3.2.7. Technologies already covered by PRIMES and/or RAINS 44 |
| | 3.3. POWER AND DISTRICT HEATING PLANTS . 46 |
| | 3.3.1. Presentation of the power and district heating plants sector 46 |
| | 3.3.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. for power and district heating plants 47 |
| | 3.3.2.1. Coal . 47 |
| | 3.3.2.2. Liquid and gaseous fuels . 49 |
| | 3.3.2.3. Renewables 50 |
| | 3.3.2.4. Fuel cells 52 |
| | 3.3.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the power and district heating plant sector |
| | 53 |
| | 3.3.3.1. Clean coal 53 |
| | 3.3.3.2. Liquid and gaseous fuels . 54 |
| | 3.3.3.3. Renewables 54 |
| | 3.3.3.4. Fuel cells 54 |
| | 3.4. INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION. 55 |
| | 3.4.1. Presentation of the industrial combustion sector 55 |
| | 3.4.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for industrial combustion . 55 |
| | 3.4.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the industrial combustion sector 56 |
| | 3.5. WASTE INCINERATION. 57 |
| | 3.5.1. Presentation of the waste incineration sector . 57 |
| | 3.5.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for waste incineration 57 |
| | 3.5.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the waste incineration sector 61 |
| | 3.6. SMALL SCALE COMBUSTION 61 |
| | 3.6.1. Presentation of the small scale combustion sector 61 |
| | 3.6.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for small scale combustion. 62 |
| | 3.6.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the small scale combustion sector 62 |
| | 3.7. IRON ORE TREATMENT. 63 |
| | 3.7.1. Presentation of the iron ore treatment sector 63 |
| | 3.7.1.1. Sinter plants. 63 |
| | 3.7.1.2. Pelletising plants 63 |
| | 3.7.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for iron ore treatment. 63 |
| | 3.7.2.1. Sinter plants. 64 |
| | 3.7.2.2. Pelletising plants 65 |
| | 3.7.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the iron ore treatment sector 66 |
| | 3.7.3.1. Sinter plant 66 |
| | 3.7.3.2. Pelletisation plants. 66 |
| | 3.8. COKE PLANTS 67 |
| | 3.8.1. Presentation of the coke plants sector. 67 |
| | 3.8.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for coke plants 67 |
| | 3.8.3. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the coke plants sector . 68 |
| | 3.9. IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION 69 |
| | 3.9.1. Presentation of the iron and steel production sector 69 |
| | 3.9.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the iron and steel production 69 |
| | 3.9.2.1. Blast furnaces 70 |
| | 3.9.2.2. Basic Oxygen Furnace. 70 |
| | 3.9.2.3. Electric Arc Furnaces, Direct Reduction, Smelting reduction 71 |
| | 3.9.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the iron and steel production sector72 |
| | 3.9.3.1. Blast furnaces 72 |
| | 3.9.3.2. Basic Oxygen Furnace. 72 |
| | 3.9.3.3. Electric Arc Furnaces 72 |
| | 3.9.3.4. Direct Reduction 72 |
| | 3.9.3.5. Smelting reduction. 73 |
| | 3.9.3.6. Electrolysis 73 |
| | 3.10. FERROUS METALS PROCESSING . 74 |
| | 3.10.1. Presentation of the ferrous metals processing sector 74 |
| | 3.10.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for ferrous metals processing. 74 |
| | 3.10.2.1. Modern casting and rolling 74 |
| | 3.10.2.2. Hot rolling mill 75 |
| | 3.10.2.3. Coating 75 |
| | 3.10.2.4. Batch Galvanizing . 76 |
| | 3.10.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the ferrous metals processing sector 76 |
| | 3.10.3.1. Modern casting and rolling 76 |
| | 3.10.3.2. Hot rolling mill 76 |
| | 3.10.3.3. Cold rolling mill, Wire plants, Coating, Batch Galvanizing . 77 |
| | 3.11. NON-FERROUS METALS INDUSTRY 78 |
| | 3.11.1. Presentation of the non-ferrous metals industry sector. 78 |
| | 3.11.1.1. Copper and its Alloys 78 |
| | 3.11.1.2. Aluminium. 78 |
| | 3.11.1.3. Zinc 79 |
| | 3.11.1.4. Lead . 79 |
| | 3.11.2. Promising emerging technologies for the non-ferrous metals industry 80 |
| | 3.11.2.1. Primary Lead and Zinc Production 80 |
| | 3.11.2.2. Primary Copper . 82 |
| | 3.11.2.3. Primary Aluminium Production 82 |
| | 3.11.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the non-ferrous metals industry sector 84 |
| | |
| | 3.11.3.1. Primary Lead and ZincProduction. 84 |
| | 3.11.3.2. Primary Copper . 84 |
| | 3.11.3.3. Primary Aluminium Production 84 |
| | 3.11.3.4. Sulphur Removal . 85 |
| | 3.12. FOUNDRIES 86 |
| | 3.12.1. Presentation of the foundries sector 86 |
| | 3.12.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for foundries . 86 |
| | 3.12.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the foundries sector 87 |
| | 3.13. PULP AND PAPER . 88 |
| | 3.13.1. Presentation of the pulp and paper sector 88 |
| | 3.13.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the pulp and paper sector . 88 |
| | 3.13.2.1. Kraft (sulphate) pulping process . 89 |
| | 3.13.2.2. Sulphite pulping process 90 |
| | 3.13.2.3. Recovered paper 90 |
| | 3.13.2.4. Paper making. 90 |
| | 3.13.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the the pulp and paper sector . 90 |
| | 3.14. GLASS PRODUCTION 92 |
| | 3.14.1. Presentation of the glass production sector 92 |
| | 3.14.2. Candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the glass production sector. 93 |
| | 3.14.3. List of candidate technologies i.w.s. analysed for the glass production sector. 95 |
| | 3.15. CEMENT AND LIME PRODUCTION. 96 |
| | 3.15.1. Presentation of the cement and lime production sector 96 |
| | 3.15.1.1. Cement. 96 |