Substance and Perceptions of Environmental Impacts of Dioxin

0,51

MB

Emissions

45

stron

2709

ID

School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University

2004

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary 1

Acknowledgments 3

Table of Contents 4

1. Behavior of Dioxins and Furans in the Environment 5

1.1. Physical and Chemical Properties - Environmental Transport 6

1.2. Atmospheric Environment 6

1.3. Aquatic Environment 7

1.4. Terrestrial Environment 8

2. Toxic Equivalent Factors 9

2.1. Total PCCD/F to I-TEQ ratio calculation 13

3. Dioxin and Human Health 16

3.1. Pathways for Human Exposure 17

3.2. Human Health Studies 18

3.3. Carcinogenic Effects 19

3.4. Effects on Reproduction 19

3.5. Genetic Effects 19

3.6. General Remarks 20

4. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 21

5. Sources of Dioxins 23

5.1. Dioxin Formation During Thermal Processes 23

5.1.1. PCDD/F present in the incoming fuel feed 23

5.1.2. PCDD/F produced from chlorinated precursors 23

5.1.3. PCDD/F formed via de novo synthesis 24

5.1.4. Post-incinerator dioxin formation 25

5.2. Advances in Pollution Control Equipment 25

5.3. Good Operating and Management Practices 26

5.3.1. Non-controlled sources of dioxins 26

5.4. Dioxin emissions in the United States 27

5.4.1. Decreased dioxin emissions in the U.S 27

5.5. Global Emission Trends 31

6. Conclusions 37

7. References 39