CO-OPERATION ON EXISTING CHEMICALS: HAZARD ASSESSMENT

1,46

MB

OF PERFLUOROOCTANE SULFONATE (PFOS) AND ITS SALTS

362

stron

3391

ID

United Nations Environment Programme

2002

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Recommendations of the Hazard Assessment. 5

Summary and Conclusions of the Hazard Assessment.. 5

1.0 Identity. 10

1.1 Physicochemical Properties . 10

2.0 General Information on Exposure .. 11

2.1 Production and Use of PFOS.. 12

2.1.1 PFOS-Based Surface Treatment Applications. 13

2.1.2 PFOS-Based Paper Protection Applications . 13

2.1.3 PFOS-Based Performance Chemical Applications 13

2.2 Environmental Exposure and Fate.. 15

2.2.1 Volatility .. 15

2.2.2 Combustion 15

2.2.3 Photolysis/Oxidation. 15

2.2.4 Biodegradation. 15

2.3 Environmental Monitoring .. 15

2.4 Human Biomonitoring. 17

2.4.1 Occupational Exposures. 17

2.4.2 Non-occupational Exposures .. 19

3.0 Human Health Hazards.. 23

3.1 Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics . 23

3.1.1 Absorption. 23

3.1.2 Distribution 23

3.1.3 Elimination . 23

3.1.4 Half-life in Humans .. 24

3.2 Acute Toxicity .. 25

3.3 Mutagenicity. 26

3.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity .. 27

3.5 Carcinogenicity 34

3.6 Developmental Toxicity.. 39

3.7 Reproductive Toxicity . 43

3.8 Human Hazard. 50

4.0 Hazards to the Environment 55

4.1 Effects on Fish, Invertebrates and Algae. 56

4.1.1 Fish . 57

4.1.2 Invertebrates . 64

4.1.3 Aquatic Plants .. 69

4.2 Effects on Other Aquatic Organisms. 73

4.2.1 Amphibians 73

4.2.2 Sediment Dwelling Invertebrates . 75

4.2.3 Bacteria . 75

4.2.4 Activated Sludge Microorganisms 77

4.3 Effects on Terrestrial Organisms . 79

4.3.1 Soil-dwelling Invertebrates .. 79

4.3.2 Terrestrial Plants 79

4.3.3 Birds .. 79

4.3.4 Bees. 81

5.0 References.. 83