General technical guidelines for the environmentally sound

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management of wastes consisting of, containing or

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contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

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SENES Consultants Limited

2006

rok

Contents

I. Introduction 5

A. Scope 5

B. About POPs 6

II. Relevant provisions of the Basel and Stockholm conventions 6

A. Basel Convention 6

1. General provisions 6

2. POPs-related provisions 7

(a) PCBs, PCTs and PBBs 8

(c) PCDDs and PCDFs 8

B. Stockholm Convention 10

1. General provisions 10

2. Waste-related provisions 10

III. Issues under the Stockholm Convention to be addressed cooperatively with the Basel

Convention 11

A. Low POP content 11

B. Levels of destruction and irreversible transformation 12

C. Methods that constitute environmentally sound disposal 13

IV. Guidance on environmentally sound management (ESM) 13

A. General considerations 13

1. Basel Convention 13

2. Stockholm Convention 14

3. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 14

B. Legislative and regulatory framework 15

1. Phase-out dates for production and use of POPs 15

2. Transboundary movement requirements 15

3. Specifications for containers, equipment, bulk containers and storage

sites containing POPs 16

4. Health and safety 16

5. Specification of acceptable analytical and sampling methods for POPs 16

6. Requirements for hazardous waste treatment and disposal facilities 17

7. General requirement for public participation 17

8. Contaminated sites 17

9. Other legislative controls 17

C. Waste prevention and minimization 17

D. Identification and inventories 18

1. Identification 18

2. Inventories 19

E. Sampling, analysis and monitoring 20

1. Sampling 21

2. Analysis 21

(a) Elements of national standards 22

(b) Field tests 22

3. Monitoring 22

F. Handling, collection, packaging, labelling, transportation and storage 23

1. Handling 23

2. Collection 23

3. Packaging 24

4. Labelling 24

5. Transportation 24

6. Storage 25

G. Environmentally sound disposal 26

1. Pre-treatment 26

(a) Adsorption and absorption 26

(b) Dewatering 26

(c) Mechanical separation 26

(d) Mixing 26

(e) Oil-water separation 27

(f) pH adjustment 27

(g) Size reduction 27

(h) Solvent washing 27

(i) Thermal desorption 27

2. Destruction and irreversible transformation methods 27

(a) Alkali metal reduction 28

(b) Base catalysed decomposition (BCD) 29

(c) Catalytic hydro-dechlorination (CHD) 31

(d) Cement kiln co-incineration 32

(e) Gas phase chemical reduction (GPCR) 33

(f) Hazardous waste incineration 35

(j) Super-critical water oxidation (SCWO) and subcritical water oxidation 39

3. Other disposal methods when destruction or irreversible transformation does not represent the

environmentally preferable option 40

(a) Specially engineered landfill 41

(b) Permanent storage in underground mines and formations 42

4. Other disposal methods when the POP content is low 42

H. Remediation of contaminated sites 42

1. Contaminated site identification 42

2. Environmentally sound remediation 43

I. Health and safety 43

1. High-volume, high-concentration or high-risk situations 43

2. Low-volume, low-concentration or low-risk situations 44

J. Emergency response 44

K. Public participation 45

Annexes

I. International instruments 47

II. Examples of pertinent national legislation 48

III. Selected analytical methods for POPs 50

IV. Economics of destruction and irreversible transformation methods 53

V. References 55