Hazardous Substances and the Helsinki and Barcelona

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MB

Conventions: Origins, Results and Future Challenges

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stron

3437

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2002

rok

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIII

1. INTRODUCTION.. 1

2. THE BALTIC SEA AND THE HELSINKI CONVENTIONS 2

2.1. BACKGROUND: BALTIC ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION. 2

2.2. BALTIC COOPERATION ON HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES. 7

2.2.1. Early Baltic Actions on Hazardous Substances .. 7

2.2.2. Ongoing Baltic Actions on Hazardous Substances 8

3. THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BARCELONA CONVENTION. 11

3.1. BACKGROUND: MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION. 12

3.2. MEDITERRANEAN COOPERATION ON HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES. 16

3.2.1. Early Mediterranean Actions on Hazardous Substances. 17

3.2.2. Ongoing Mediterranean actions on Hazardous Substances .. 20

4. ASSESSING BALTIC AND MEDITERRANEAN COMPLIANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION 23

4.1. HELCOM COMPLIANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION 24

4.1.1. Evidence of Compliance 24

4.1.2. Evidence of Implementation 26

4.2. MAP COMPLIANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION 31

4.2.1. Evidence of Compliance 31

4.2.2. Evidence of Implementation 32

4.3. COMPARING COMPLIANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION AROUND THE BALTIC AND

MEDITERRANEAN.. 36

5. TAKING STOCK AND DRAWING LESSONS: SEVEN CHALLENGES AHEAD. 38

5.1. ENCOURAGING RATIFICATION .. 39

5.2. ENGENDERING IMPLEMENTATION AND BUILDING STATE CAPACITIES . 39

5.3. FINANCING COOPERATION AND IMPLEMENTATION. 40

5.4. IMPROVING DATA AVAILABILITY, QUALITY AND COMPARABILITY .. 41

5.5. STRENGTHENING EXISTING REGULATIONS AND INCORPORATING NEW ISSUES 42

5.6. ASSESSING AND ACHIEVING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS . 43

5.7. COORDINATING INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES. 43

ANNEXES.. 47

REFERENCES 49