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European Union Risk Assessment Report: NAPHTHALENE

3,91

230

stron

3455

Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment

2003

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CONTENTS

1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION 7

1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE 7

1.2 PURITY / IMPURITIES, ADDITIVES 7

1.2.1 Purity .. 7

1.2.2 Additives 7

1.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. 7

1.3.1 Physical state (at ntp) 7

1.3.2 Melting point .. 8

1.3.3 Boiling point 8

1.3.4 Density 8

1.3.5 Vapour pressure. 8

1.3.6 Solubility .. 10

1.3.7 N-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) 10

1.3.8 Flash point 11

1.3.9 Autoignition. 12

1.3.10 Explosivity 12

1.3.11 Oxidising properties . 12

1.3.12 Summary 12

1.4 CLASSIFICATION. 14

2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPOSURE. 15

2.1 PRODUCTION.. 15

2.1.1 Production processes 15

2.1.1.1 Production from coal tar .. 15

2.1.1.2 Production from petroleum. 16

2.1.2 Production volumes .. 17

2.2 USE. 17

2.2.1 Use as an intermediate . 18

2.2.1.1 Phthalic anhydride .. 18

2.2.1.2 Dyestuffs. 18

2.2.1.3 Naphthalene sulphonic acids . 18

2.2.1.4 Alkylated naphthalene solvents 19

2.2.1.5 2-Naphthol.. 19

2.2.1.6 Others 19

2.2.2 Other uses . 19

2.2.2.1 Mothballs 19

2.2.2.2 Pyrotechnics .. 20

2.2.2.3 Grinding wheels 20

2.3 OTHER PRODUCTS CONTAINING NAPHTHALENE 20

2.3.1 Creosote. 20

2.3.2 Tar paints, waterproof membranes, etc 21

2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES .. 21

2.5 LEGISLATIVE CONTROLS. 22

3 ENVIRONMENT. 23

3.1 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT .. 23

3.1.1 Environmental releases 23

3.1.1.1 Release during production of naphthalene . 23

3.1.1.2 Release from use in the chemical industry . 26

3.1.1.3 Release from use in pyrotechnics 28

3.1.1.4 Release from mothballs 29

3.1.1.5 Releases from the manufacture of grinding wheels 29

3.1.1.6 Indirect releases 30

3.1.1.6.1 Releases from products containing naphthalene 30

3.1.1.6.2 Releases from production of other substances 33

3.1.1.6.3 Release during waste incineration 34

3.1.1.6.4 Release from oil production. 35

3.1.1.6.5 Release of naphthalene from traffic. 35

3.1.1.6.6 Release of naphthalene from coal combustion .. 38

3.1.1.6.7 Release of naphthalene from coal carbonisation and gasification processes.. 39

3.1.1.7 Other releases 41

3.1.1.8 Summary of releases.. 41

3.1.2 Environmental fate 44

3.1.2.1 Degradation 44

3.1.2.1.1 Abiotic degradation . 44

3.1.2.1.2 Biodegradation 46

3.1.2.2 Distribution 53

3.1.2.2.1 Adsorption 53

3.1.2.2.2 Volatilisation .. 55

3.1.2.3 Metabolism and accumulation.. 56

3.1.2.3.1 Metabolism .. 56

3.1.2.3.2 Bioaccumulation 57

3.1.2.4 Summary of fate and behaviour 61

3.1.3 Aquatic compartment (incl. sediment). 61

3.1.3.1 Calculation of Predicted Environmental Concentrations in water.. 61

3.1.3.2 Measured levels in water . 63

3.1.3.2.1 Surface water .. 63

3.1.3.2.2 Groundwater 66

3.1.3.2.3 Precipitation. 68

3.1.3.2.4 Drinking water 69

3.1.3.2.5 Summary of measured levels in water 70

3.1.3.3 Comparison of PEC with measured levels . 70

3.1.3.4 Calculation of Predicted Environmental Concentration for sediment .. 71

3.1.3.5 Measured levels in sediment.. 71

3.1.3.6 Comparison of PEC with measured levels for sediment . 74

3.1.4 Terrestrial compartment.. 75

3.1.4.1 Calculation of Predicted Environmental Concentration in soil 75

3.1.4.1.1 PECsoil . 75

3.1.4.1.2 PECsoil, porewater.. 75

3.1.4.2 Measured levels in soil . 76

3.1.4.3 Comparison of PEC with measured levels . 78

3.1.5 Atmosphere.. 79

3.1.5.1 Calculation of Predicted Environmental Concentration in air.. 79

3.1.5.2 Measured levels in air 79

3.1.5.3 Comparison of PEC with measured levels in air . 83

3.1.6 Secondary poisoning. 83

3.1.6.1 Predicted environmental levels in biota 84

3.1.6.2 Measured levels in biota and foodstuffs .. 85

3.1.7 Summary of PECs for naphthalene 88

3.2 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND DOSE (CONCENTRATION) -

RESPONSE (EFFECT) ASSESSMENT.. 90

3.2.1 Aquatic compartment (incl. sediment). 90

3.2.1.1 Toxicity test results. 90

3.2.1.1.1 Fish .. 90

3.2.1.1.2 Amphibians.. 92

3.2.1.1.3 Aquatic invertebrates .. 93

3.2.1.1.4 Aquatic plants . 97

3.2.1.1.5 Microorganisms . 98

3.2.1.2 Calculation of Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) .. 98

3.2.1.2.1 Calculation of PNEC for water.. 98

3.2.1.2.2 Calculation of PNEC for microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants.. 100

3.2.1.2.3 Calculation of PNEC for sediment dwelling organisms 100

3.2.2 Terrestrial compartment.. 100

3.2.2.1 Toxicity to terrestrial organisms.. 100

3.2.2.2 Calculation of PNEC . 101

3.2.3 Atmosphere.. 101

3.2.3.1 Calculation of PNEC . 101

3.2.4 Secondary poisoning. 102

3.3 RISK CHARACTERISATION. 103

3.3.1 Aquatic compartment (incl. sediment). 103

3.3.1.1 Water . 103

3.3.1.2 Sediment .. 104

3.3.1.3 Microorganisms 106

3.3.2 Terrestrial compartment.. 107

3.3.3 Atmosphere.. 108

3.3.4 Secondary poisoning. 108

4 HUMAN HEALTH . 109

4.1 HUMAN HEALTH (TOXICITY) 109

4.1.1 Exposure assessment 109

4.1.1.1 Occupational exposure . 109

4.1.1.1.1 General introduction 109

4.1.1.1.2 Manufacture. 110

4.1.1.1.3 Occupational exposure limits.. 110

4.1.1.1.4 Occupational exposure during the manufacture of naphthalene 110

4.1.1.1.5 Occupational exposure during use in chemical synthesis. 112

4.1.1.1.6 Occupational exposure during blending and use of creosote . 113

4.1.1.1.7 Occupational exposure during the manufacture of mothballs 117

4.1.1.1.8 Occupational exposure during the manufacture and use of coal tar paints and waterproof

membranes. 118

4.1.1.1.9 Occupational exposure to naphthalene during the professional use of consumer products..

119

4.1.1.1.10 Occupational exposure to naphthalene during the manufacture of grinding wheels.. 119

4.1.1.1.11 Occupational exposure to naphthalene from adventitious sources .. 122

4.1.1.1.12 Inhalation exposure (general discussion).. 123

4.1.1.1.13 Dermal exposure (general discussion) 125

4.1.1.2 Consumer exposure 126

4.1.1.2.1 Creosote . 126