| | TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS |
| | 13,3 | | MB | (PCBs) |
| | 948 | | stron |
| | 3458 | | ID | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |
| | 2002 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | FOREWORD v |
| | QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS vii |
| | CONTRIBUTORS ix |
| | PEER REVIEW xi |
| | LIST OF FIGURES xix |
| | LIST OF TABLES xxi |
| | 1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT 1 |
| | 1.1 WHAT ARE POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS? 1 |
| | 1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS WHEN THEY ENTER THE |
| | ENVIRONMENT? 2 |
| | 1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS? 3 |
| | 1.4 HOW CAN POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY? 5 |
| | 1.5 HOW CAN POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AFFECT MY HEALTH? 5 |
| | 1.6 HOW CAN POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AFFECT CHILDREN? 7 |
| | 1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO POLYCHLORINATED |
| | BIPHENYLS? 9 |
| | 1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO |
| | POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS? 10 |
| | 1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT |
| | HUMAN HEALTH? 11 |
| | 1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION? 12 |
| | 2. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH 15 |
| | 2.1 Background and Environmental Exposures to PCBs in the United States 15 |
| | 2.2 Summary of Health Effects 16 |
| | 2.3 Minimal Risk Levels 27 |
| | 3. HEALTH EFFECTS 33 |
| | 3.1 INTRODUCTION 33 |
| | 3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS 90 |
| | 3.2.1 Death 90 |
| | 3.2.1.1 Human Studies 90 |
| | 3.2.1.2 Animal Studies 90 |
| | 3.2.2 Systemic Effects 92 |
| | 3.2.2.1 Respiratory 92 |
| | 3.2.2.1.1 Human Studies 92 |
| | 3.2.2.1.2 Animal Studies 94 |
| | 3.2.2.2 Cardiovascular 94 |
| | 3.2.2.2.1 Human Studies 94 |
| | 3.2.2.2.2 Animal Studies 96 |
| | 3.2.2.3 Gastrointestinal 97 |
| | 3.2.2.3.1 Human Studies 97 |
| | 3.2.2.3.2 Animal Studies 98 |
| | 3.2.2.4 Hematological 99 |
| | 3.2.2.4.1 Human Studies 99 |
| | 3.2.2.4.2 Animal Studies 100 |
| | 3.2.2.5 Musculoskeletal 102 |
| | 3.2.2.5.1 Human Studies 102 |
| | 3.2.2.5.2 Animal Studies 102 |
| | 3.2.2.6 Hepatic Effects 103 |
| | 3.2.2.6.1 Summary 103 |
| | 3.2.2.6.2 Human Studies 103 |
| | 3.2.2.6.2.1 Liver Enzymes, Enlargement, and Pathology 103 |
| | 3.2.2.6.2.2 Serum Lipids, Triglycerides, and Cholesterol 106 |
| | 3.2.2.6.2.3 Porphyria 108 |
| | 3.2.2.6.2.4 Evaluation of Human Studies 108 |
| | 3.2.2.6.3 Animal Studies 110 |
| | 3.2.2.6.3.1 Liver Enzymes, Enlargement, and Pathology 110 |
| | 3.2.2.6.3.2 Serum Lipids, Triglycerides, and Cholesterol 116 |
| | 3.2.2.6.3.3 Porphyria 118 |
| | 3.2.2.6.3.4 Other Hepatic Effects 119 |
| | 3.2.2.6.3.5 Evaluation of Animal Studies 119 |
| | 3.2.2.7 Renal Effects 120 |
| | 3.2.2.7.1 Human Studies 120 |
| | 3.2.2.7.2 Animal Studies 120 |
| | 3.2.2.8 Endocrine Effects 122 |
| | 3.2.2.8.1 Summary 122 |
| | 3.2.2.8.2 Human Studies 123 |
| | 3.2.2.8.3 Animal Studies 126 |
| | 3.2.2.9 Dermal Effects 136 |
| | 3.2.2.9.1 Summary 136 |
| | 3.2.2.9.2 Human Studies 136 |
| | 3.2.2.9.2.1 Occupational Exposure 136 |
| | 3.2.2.9.2.2 Accidental Exposure 137 |
| | 3.2.2.9.2.3 Evaluation of Human Studies 138 |
| | 3.2.2.9.3 Animal Studies 139 |
| | 3.2.2.9.4 Evaluation of Animal Studies 140 |
| | 3.2.2.10 Ocular Effects 141 |
| | 3.2.2.10.1 Summary 141 |
| | 3.2.2.10.2 Human Studies 141 |
| | 3.2.2.10.2.1 Occupational Exposure 141 |
| | 3.2.2.10.2.2 Accidental Exposure 142 |
| | 3.2.2.10.2.3 Evaluation of Human Studies 142 |
| | 3.2.2.10.3 Animal Studies 143 |
| | 3.2.2.10.4 Evaluation of Animal Studies 144 |
| | 3.2.2.11 Body Weight Effects 144 |
| | 3.2.2.11.1 Human Studies 144 |
| | 3.2.2.11.2 Animal Studies 144 |
| | 3.2.2.12 Other Systemic Effects 146 |
| | 3.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects 146 |
| | 3.2.3.1 Summary 146 |
| | 3.2.3.2 Human Studies 147 |
| | 3.2.3.3 Animal Studies 153 |
| | 3.2.3.3.1 Inhalation Exposure 153 |
| | 3.2.3.3.2 Oral Exposure 153 |
| | 3.2.3.3.3 Dermal Exposure 161 |
| | 3.2.3.3.4 Other Routes of Exposure 161 |
| | 3.2.3.3.5 Evaluation of Animal Studies 162 |
| | 3.2.4 Neurological Effects 165 |
| | 3.2.4.1 Summary 165 |
| | 3.2.4.2 Human Studies 166 |
| | 3.2.4.2.1 Neurobehavioral Effects 166 |
| | 3.2.4.2.1.1 Contaminated Fish Consumption 166 |
| | 3.2.4.2.1.2 General Population Exposure 173 |
| | 3.2.4.2.1.3 Occupational Exposure 182 |
| | 3.2.4.2.1.4 Accidental Exposure 183 |
| | 3.2.4.2.2 Neurophysiological Effects 184 |
| | 3.2.4.2.3 Evaluation of Human Studies 184 |
| | 3.2.4.3 Animal Studies 188 |
| | 3.2.4.3.1 Neurobehavioral Effects 188 |
| | 3.2.4.3.2 Neurochemical Effects 195 |
| | 3.2.4.3.3 Other Neurological Effects 198 |
| | 3.2.4.3.4 Evaluation of Animal Studies 199 |
| | 3.2.5 Reproductive Effects 202 |
| | 3.2.5.1 Summary 202 |
| | 3.2.5.2 Human Studies 203 |
| | 3.2.5.2.1 Female Reproductive Effects 203 |
| | 3.2.5.2.2 Male Reproductive Effects 209 |
| | 3.2.5.2.3 Evaluation of Human Studies. 212 |
| | 3.2.5.3 Animal Studies 215 |
| | 3.2.5.3.1 Female Reproductive Effects 215 |
| | 3.2.5.3.2 Male Reproductive Effects 222 |
| | 3.2.5.3.3 Evaluation of Animal Studies 225 |
| | 3.2.6 Developmental Effects 227 |
| | 3.2.6.1 Summary 227 |
| | 3.2.6.2 Human Studies 229 |
| | 3.2.6.2.1 Growth and Development 229 |
| | 3.2.6.2.1.1 Contaminated Fish Consumption 229 |
| | 3.2.6.2.1.2 General Population Exposure 234 |
| | 3.2.6.2.1.3 Occupational Exposure 237 |
| | 3.2.6.2.1.4 Accidental Exposure 238 |
| | 3.2.6.2.2 Evaluation of Human Studies 238 |
| | 3.2.6.3 Animal Studies 241 |
| | 3.2.6.3.1 Birth Weight and Early Development 241 |
| | 3.2.6.3.2 Evaluation of Animal Studies 245 |
| | 3.2.7 Genotoxic Effects 246 |
| | 3.2.7.1 Summary 246 |
| | 3.2.7.2 In Vivo Studies 246 |
| | 3.2.7.3 In Vitro Studies 249 |
| | 3.2.7.4 Evaluation of Genotoxicity Studies 249 |
| | 3.2.8 Cancer 251 |
| | 3.2.8.1 Summary 251 |
| | 3.2.8.2 Human Studies 251 |
| | 3.2.8.2.1 Liver, Biliary Tract, and Gall Bladder 251 |
| | 3.2.8.2.2 Gastrointestinal Tract 256 |
| | 3.2.8.2.3 Rectum 257 |
| | 3.2.8.2.4 Skin 258 |