| | EMISSIONS OF DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE POLYCHLORINATED |
| | 0,69 | | MB | BIPHENYLS FROM DOMESTIC SOURCES |
| | 83 | | stron |
| | 3480 | | ID | Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs |
| | 2006 | | rok |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 |
| | 1. INTRODUCTION 3 |
| | 1.1 Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls 3 |
| | 1.2 Stockholm Convention 3 1. |
| | 3 This study 4 |
| | 1.4 What are dioxins and PCBs? 5 |
| | 1.5 This report 7 |
| | 1.6 Acknowledgement 7 |
| | 2. DIOXINS AND DIOXIN-LIKE PCBS 8 |
| | 2.1 Why are we concerned about dioxins and PCBs? 8 |
| | 2.2 Measuring dioxins and furans 8 |
| | 2.3 Mechanisms for release of dioxins and furans 10 |
| | 2.4 Release pathways 11 |
| | 3. METHODS 13 |
| | 3.1 Domestic combustion 13 |
| | 3.2 Household waste combustion and bonfires 14 |
| | 3.3 Educational campaigns 15 |
| | 4. DOMESTIC SOLID FUEL COMBUSTION 17 |
| | 4.1 Description of activities 17 |
| | 4.2 Emissions data for household heating and cooking with biomass 19 |
| | 4.3 Key factors affecting emissions from household heating and cooking with biomass 21 |
| | 4.4 Emissions data for domestic heating and cooking with fossil fuels 22 |
| | 4.5 Key factors affecting emissions from domestic heating and cooking with fossil fuels 24 |
| | 5. DOMESTIC WASTE BURNING AND BONFIRES 26 |
| | 5.1 Emissions data for bonfires and fireworks 26 |
| | 5.2 Key factors affecting emissions from bonfires 27 |
| | 5.3 Emissions data for domestic waste burning 28 |
| | 5.4 Key factors affecting emissions from waste burning 30 |
| | 6. NATIONAL INVENTORY 33 |
| | 6.1 Activity data 33 |
| | 6.2 National inventory 33 |
| | 7. PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT 37 |
| | 7.1 The problem 37 QUALITY CONTROL SHEET |
| | 7.2 Potential public awareness strategies 38 |
| | 7.3 Current Promotional Activity - Domestic Solid Fuel Combustion 38 |
| | 7.4 Current Promotional Activity - Domestic Waste Burning and Bonfires 39 |
| | 7.5 Communications Strategy 41 |
| | 7.6 What do we need to communicate? 42 |
| | 7.7 Aim of a communications campaign 44 |
| | 7.8 Campaign Options 45 |
| | 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 46 |
| | 8.1 Technical conclusions 46 |
| | 8.2 Key sources of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs 46 |
| | 8.3 Public information campaigns 47 |
| | 8.4 Public information campaigns – example advice 50 |
| | 8.5 Recommendations 51 |
| | 9. REFERENCES 54 |
| | FIGURES |
| | 1 Chemical structure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-para-dioxin Figure |
| | 2 Chemical structure of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzofuran Figure |
| | 3 Chemical structure of a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB 77) |
| | 4 Estimated annual UK emissions of dioxins and furans to air Figure |
| | 5 Estimated annual UK emissions of dioxins and furans in solid residues |
| | APPENDICES |
| | 1. METALS LEVELS IN TREATED WOOD WASTE |
| | 2. SUPPORTING INFORMATION ON SOLID FUEL USE IN THE UK RESIDENTIAL SECTOR |
| | A2.1 Introduction 2 |
| | A2.2 Legislation affecting Solid Fuel Combustion in the Residential Sector 2 |
| | A2.3 Fuels 3 |
| | A2.4 Appliances 7 |
| | A2.5 Propensity for fuels to produce dioxins 10 |
| | A2.6 Discussion 20 |
| | A2.7 Recommendations for further research 20 |