Version 2.1 of the Standardized Toolkit for Identification and

1,31

MB

Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases

254

stron

3481

ID

United Nations Environment Programme

2006

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Contents

Contents i

Table of Tables v

Table of Figures viii

Abbreviations and Acronyms ix

Executive Summary 1

1 Introduction 5

2 Aims and Limitations 7

2.1 Aims 7

2.2 Limitations 8

2.3 Further Reading 10

3 Formation and Release of PCDD and PCDF 13

3.1 Formation of PCDD/PCDF 13

3.2 Direct Releases of PCDD/PCDF 16

3.2.1 Release to Air 16

3.2.2 Release to Water 16

3.2.3 Release to Land 17

3.2.4 Release in Products 18

3.2.5 Release in Residues 18

3.2.6 Potential Hot Spots 20

4 Protocol for the Inventory Assembly 21

4.1 Step 1: Screening Matrix: Main Source Categories 22

4.2 Step 2: Subcategories Identification 23

4.2.1 Subcategories of Waste Incineration 23

4.2.2 Subcategories of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production 24

4.2.3 Subcategories of Heat and Power Generation 25

4.2.4 Subcategories of Production of Mineral Products 26

4.2.5 Subcategories of Transportation 26

4.2.6 Subcategories of Open Burning Processes 27

4.2.7 Subcategories of Production and Use of Chemicals and Consumer Goods 27

4.2.8 Subcategories of Miscellaneous 28

4.2.9 Subcategories of Disposal 29

4.2.10 Subcategories of Hot Spots 29

4.3 Step 3: Information Gathering 30

4.4 Step 4: Process Classification and Source Quantification 31

4.4.1 Process Classification 31

4.4.2 Source Quantification 33

4.4.3 Determination of the Flux or Activity Rate 35

4.4.4 Using the Toolkit’s Default Emission Factors 35

4.4.5 Using Own Emission Data 36

4.5 Step 5: Compilation of Inventory 36

5 Presentation of the Inventory 37

5.1 Establishment of an Interim Inventory 37

5.2 Final Report 38

6 Default Emission Factors 41

6.1 Main Category 1 – Waste Incineration 41

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 42

6.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste 42

6.1.2 Hazardous Waste Incineration 46

6.1.3 Medical Waste Incineration 49

6.1.4 Light-Fraction Shredder Waste Incineration 52

6.1.5 Sewage Sludge Incineration 54

6.1.6 Waste Wood and Waste Biomass Incineration 56

6.1.7 Destruction of Animal Carcasses 58

6.2 Main Category 2 – Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production 60

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 62

6.2.1 Iron Ore Sintering 63

6.2.2 Coke Production 66

6.2.3 Iron and Steel Production Plants 67

6.2.4 Copper Production 74

6.2.5 Aluminum Production 78

6.2.6 Lead Production 81

6.2.7 Zinc Production 84

6.2.8 Brass and Bronze Production 85

6.2.9 Magnesium Production 87

6.2.10 Other Non-Ferrous Metal Production 89

6.2.11 Shredders 91

6.2.12 Thermal Wire Reclamation 92

6.3 Main Category 3 – Heat and Power Generation 95

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 95

6.3.1 Fossil Fuel Power Plants 96

6.3.2 Biomass Power Plants 99

6.3.3 Landfill/Biogas Combustion 101

6.3.4 Household Heating and Cooking with Biomass 102

6.3.5 Domestic Heating and Cooking with Fossil Fuels 104

6.4 Main Category 4 – Mineral Products 106

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 106

6.4.1 Cement Production 106

6.4.2 Lime Production 111

6.4.3 Brick Production 113

6.4.4 Glass Production 114

6.4.5 Ceramics Production 115

6.4.6 Asphalt Mixing 115

6.4.7 Oil Shale Processing 117

6.5 Main Category 5 – Transport 119

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 119

6.5.1 4-Stroke Engines 120

6.5.2 2-Stroke Engines 121

6.5.3 Diesel Engines 121

6.5.4 Heavy Oil Fired Engines 123

6.6 Main Category 6 – Open Burning Processes 125

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 125

6.6.1 Biomass Burning 125

6.6.2 Waste Burning and Accidental Fires 129

6.7 Main Category 7 – Production and Use of Chemicals and Consumer Goods 133

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 133

6.7.1 Pulp and Paper Production 134

6.7.2 Chemical Industry 143

6.7.3 Petroleum Industry 160

6.7.4 Textile Production 161

6.7.5 Leather Refining 163

6.8 Main Category 8 – Miscellaneous 165

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 165

6.8.1 Drying of Biomass 165

6.8.2 Crematoria 166

6.8.3 Smoke Houses 168

6.8.4 Dry Cleaning 169

6.8.5 Tobacco Smoking 170

6.9 Main Category 9 – Disposal/Landfill 172

Relevance to Article 5, Annex C 173

6.9.1 Landfills and Waste Dumps 173

6.9.2 Sewage and Sewage Treatment 175

6.9.3 Open Water Dumping 178

6.9.4 Composting 179

6.9.5 Waste Oil Treatment (Non-Thermal) 180

6.10 Main Category 10 – Hot Spots 181

6.10.1 Production Sites of Chlorinated Organics 181

6.10.2 Production Sites of Chlorine 181

6.10.3 Formulation Sites of Chlorinated Phenols 182

6.10.4 Application Sites of Chlorinated Phenols 182

6.10.5 Timber Manufacture and Treatment Sites 182

6.10.6 PCB-Filled Transformers and Capacitors 182

6.10.7 Dumps of Wastes/Residues from Categories 1-9 183

6.10.8 Sites of Relevant Accidents 184

6.10.9 Dredging of Sediments 184

6.10.10 Kaolinitic or Ball Clay Sites 184

7 References 185

8 Annex 1: Compilation of All Emission Factors 197

9 Annex 2: Questionnaires 207

10 Annex 3: Presentation of the Inventories 221

10.1 Example Tables for the Inventory 221

10.2 National PCDD/PCDF Inventories Made with the Toolkit 223

11 Technical Annexes 225

11.1 Toxicity Equivalency Factors (TEFs) 225

11.2 Usage of Units in Air Emissions 226

11.3 Heating Values – For Main Category 3 227

11.4 Conversion Factors for Liquid and Gaseous Fuels – For Main Categories 3 and 5 230

11.5 Bleaching Sequences – For Main Category 7 231