Dioxins & PCBs: Environmental Levels and Human Exposure in

4,24

MB

Candidate Countries

333

stron

3482

ID

European Commission

2004

rok

Contents

Executive Summary 5

1 Background & Objectives 12

2 Methodology 14

2.1 Structuring of information 14

2.2 Collection of Information 16

2.3 Capacity building and know how transfer 17

2.4 Conclusions and recommendations 18

3 Research & Monitoring Activities 19

3.1 Air 19

3.2 Surface and Groundwater 21

3.3 Sediment 21

3.4 Soil 23

3.5 Vegetation 25

3.6 Wildlife 25

3.7 Food & Feed contamination 26

3.8 Human exposure 27

3.9 Comparison with EU Member States 29

4 Environmental Contamination 30

4.1 Air 30

4.2 Water 44

4.3 Sediments 52

4.4 Soil 60

4.5 Vegetation 73

4.6 Wildlife 76

4.7 Emission sources and Hot spots 90

5 Human exposure 94

5.1 Food and Feed contamination & Dietary intake assessment 94

5.2 Tissue levels 105

6 Legislation, Administrative Structure & Capacities 117

6.1 Legislation 117

6.2 Administrative Structures 117

6.3 National Capacities 117

7 Priorities & Plannings 117

8 Gaps, Deficits and Capacity building 117

8.1 Gaps and deficits 117

8.2 Capacity building 117

9 Conclusions & Recommendations 117

9.1 Research and Monitoring Activities 117

9.2 Environmental Contamination and Human Exposure 117

9.3 Legislation, Administrative Structure and Capacities 117

9.4 Priorities & Plannings 117

9.5 Capacity building 117

10 List of abbreviations 117

11 References 117

Annex I: Questionnaire and Structure of the Homepage

Annex II: Monitoring and Research

Annex III: Environmental Contamination

Annex IV: Human exposure and tissue levels

Annex V: Legislation – Experts – Plannings

Annex VI: National hot spots for PCDD/F & PCBs