Releases of Dioxins and Furans to Land and Water in Europe -

0,43

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Final Report

149

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3487

ID

European Commission

2003

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Contents

1. Introduction 13

1.1 BACKGROUND 13

1.2 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT 13

1.3 PCDD/FS 13

1.4 BENEFITS OF AN INTEGRATED INVENTORY 14

1.5 RELATED WORK AND SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS 15

1.6 COUNTRIES INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY 16

2. Method 17

2.1 PRIORITISATION OF SOURCES 18

2.2 SYSTEM BOUNDARIES 18

2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF DEFAULT EMISSION INVENTORY 19

2.3.1 Basic Integrated Emission Inventory Methodology 19

2.3.2 Main Information Sources for Default Inventory 19

2.3.3 Base Year for Inventory 19

2.4 DATA QUALITY 20

2.4.1 Sources of Uncertainty 20

2.4.2 Demonstrating Uncertainty 20

2.4.3 Best Estimates 21

2.5 FEEDBACK ON AND IMPROVEMENT OF DEFAULT EMISSION INVENTORY 21

3. Results 22

3.1 SNAP GROUP 1 - PUBLIC POWER, COGENERATION AND DISTRICT HEATING 22

3.1.1 Combustion of Coal - Power Stations 22

3.1.2 Combustion of Coal - Industry 25

3.1.3 Combustion of Wood - Industry 28

3.1.4 Combustion of Oil - Industry 31

3.1.5 Combustion of Refuse-Derived Fuel 31

3.1.6 Straw Combustion 31

3.2 SNAP GROUP 2 - COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL & RESIDENTIAL COMBUSTION 32

3.2.1 Combustion of Coal - Domestic 32

3.2.2 Combustion of Wood - Domestic 35

3.3 SNAP GROUP 3 - INDUSTRIAL COMBUSTION 38

3.3.1 Sinter Plant 38

3.3.2 Primary Lead / Zinc Production 40

3.3.3 Primary Copper Production 41

3.3.4 Secondary Lead Production 45

3.3.5 Secondary Zinc Production 47

3.3.6 Secondary Copper Production 50

3.3.7 Primary Magnesium Production 53

3.3.8 Secondary Magnesium Production 53

3.3.9 Secondary Aluminium Production 54

3.4 SNAP GROUP 4 - INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 59

3.4.1 Petroleum Processes 59

3.4.2 Electric Furnace Steel Plant 59

3.4.3 Aluminium Production (electrolysis) 63

3.4.4 Installations for Smelting and Casting of Non-Ferrous Metals 66

3.4.5 Chemical Production - PVC 66

3.4.6 Chemical Production - PCE / TCE 68

3.4.7 Pesticide Production 69

3.4.8 Chemical Production - Chlorophenols 73

3.4.9 Other Chemical Production / Processes 74

3.4.10 Paper and Pulp Production 74

3.4.11 Cement and Lime Production 78

3.5 SNAP GROUP 5 - EXTRACTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSIL FUELS 83

3.6 SNAP GROUP 6 - SOLVENT USE 84

3.6.1 Dry Cleaning 84

3.6.2 Pharmaceutical Products Manufacture 84

3.6.3 Manufacture and use of dyestuffs, printing ink and coating materials 84

3.6.4 Textile Finishing 85

3.6.5 PCP Use in Wood Preservation 86

3.7 SNAP GROUP 7 - ROAD TRANSPORT 88

3.8 SNAP GROUP 8 - OTHER MOBILE SOURCES AND MACHINERY 89

3.9 SNAP GROUP 9 - WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES 90

3.9.1 Incineration of Domestic/Municipal Wastes 90

3.9.2 Incineration of Industrial Wastes 94

3.9.3 Incineration of Sludges from Waste Water Treatment 98

3.9.4 Incineration of Hospital Wastes 101

3.9.5 Waste Oil Disposal 105

3.9.6 Incineration of Scrap Tyres 107

3.9.8 Combustion of Poultry Litter 109

3.9.9 Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) to Landfill 110

3.9.10 Open Burning of Agricultural Wastes 112

3.9.7 Crematoria 112

3.9.11 Waste Water Treatment in Residential / Commercial Sector 114

3.9.12 Sludge Spreading 115

3.9.13 Compost Production from Waste 117

3.10 SNAP GROUP 10 - AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES 120

3.10.1 Stubble Burning 120

3.10.2 Pesticide Use 120

3.11 SNAP GROUP 11 - NATURE 124

3.12 FIRES AND OTHER SOURCES 125

3.12.1 Accidental Fires 125

3.12.2 Bonfires and Other Incidental Fires 128

3.12.3 Other Sources 130

3.13 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATES OF PCDD/F RELEASES TO LAND FOR 1994 (g I-TEQ) 131

4. Conclusions and Recommendations 135

4.1 RELEASES TO LAND 135

4.2 RELEASES TO WATER 137

4.3 UNCERTAINTY 138

4.4 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 139

5. Bibliography / References 141

6. Glossary 146

Appendices

APPENDIX 1 I-TEQ

APPENDIX 2 POTENTIALLY CONTAMINATED PESTICIDES